Physics

151. Diamond Ring, God’s Eye and Baily’s Beads are the parts of which one a

Diamond Ring, God’s Eye and Baily’s Beads are the parts of which one among the following natural phenomena?

[amp_mcq option1=”Solar eclipse” option2=”Aurora” option3=”Lightning” option4=”Solar storm” correct=”option1″]

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UPSC CAPF – 2013
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The correct option is A. Diamond Ring, God’s Eye, and Baily’s Beads are phenomena observed during a solar eclipse.
During a total solar eclipse, as the Moon nearly completely covers the Sun, the last few drops of sunlight streaming through the valleys on the Moon’s limb create points of light known as Baily’s Beads. Just before totality, when only one bright spot remains, it creates a dazzling effect resembling a diamond ring on the Sun’s corona. ‘God’s Eye’ is sometimes used informally to describe the overall appearance of the corona during a total solar eclipse.
These phenomena are transient and depend on the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during an eclipse. They are celebrated sights for observers of total solar eclipses. Auroras are atmospheric light displays caused by charged particles from the Sun interacting with Earth’s magnetic field. Lightning is an electrical discharge during thunderstorms. Solar storms are eruptions of energy from the Sun.

152. Consider the following statements: 1. Discovery of Higgs boson of wh

Consider the following statements:

  • 1. Discovery of Higgs boson of which scientists are almost certain, may discard Einstein’s special theory of relativity.
  • 2. Probable discovery of a particle which moves faster than light may prove Stephen Hawking wrong.
  • 3. Probable discovery of a particle that moves faster than light may go against Einstein’s special theory of relativity.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2″ option2=”1 only” option3=”3 only” option4=”1 and 3″ correct=”option3″]

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Statement 1: The discovery of the Higgs boson is a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle physics and is entirely consistent with Einstein’s special theory of relativity. It explains how fundamental particles acquire mass through their interaction with the Higgs field, without discarding special relativity. This statement is incorrect. Statement 2: A particle moving faster than light (superluminal particle) would indeed challenge fundamental physics principles, but stating it would specifically prove Stephen Hawking wrong is not accurate or the primary consequence. Hawking’s work, while profound, is not singularly contingent on the non-existence of superluminal particles in a way that this discovery would directly falsify his main theories. This statement is vague and likely incorrect. Statement 3: Einstein’s special theory of relativity posits that the speed of light in a vacuum is the maximum speed limit for any information or energy transfer. The probable discovery of a particle that moves faster than light would directly contradict this fundamental postulate of special relativity. This statement is correct.
Special relativity sets the speed of light as the ultimate speed limit in the universe. Any particle exceeding this speed would violate its principles, particularly causality.
While there have been discussions and theoretical explorations of possibilities like wormholes or warp drives that might allow effective faster-than-light travel in space-time (potentially consistent with General Relativity under specific, theoretical conditions), the existence of a fundamental particle that inherently travels faster than light in flat space-time is incompatible with Special Relativity.

153. If four balloons A, B, C and D are filled with hydrogen, oxygen, heliu

If four balloons A, B, C and D are filled with hydrogen, oxygen, helium and nitrogen gases respectively and left in air, which balloon reaches to the highest distance from the Earth?

[amp_mcq option1=”Balloon A” option2=”Balloon B” option3=”Balloon C” option4=”Balloon D” correct=”option1″]

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A balloon filled with a gas lighter than air will rise. The higher it will reach (or the more buoyant it will be) depends on the density of the gas relative to the density of the surrounding air. The lighter the gas, the greater the buoyant force. The average molecular weight of air is approximately 29 g/mol.
Comparing the molecular/atomic weights of the gases: Hydrogen (H₂) ≈ 2 g/mol, Oxygen (O₂) ≈ 32 g/mol, Helium (He) ≈ 4 g/mol, Nitrogen (N₂) ≈ 28 g/mol. Oxygen is heavier than air and will sink. Nitrogen is slightly lighter than air. Hydrogen and Helium are significantly lighter than air. Hydrogen is the lightest among the given gases.
Since Hydrogen is the lightest gas among the options and significantly lighter than air, a balloon filled with hydrogen will experience the greatest buoyant force and is expected to rise to the highest altitude compared to balloons filled with Oxygen, Helium, or Nitrogen (assuming balloon material weight and other factors are equal).

154. In the recent past, a fundamental particle has been claimed to be expe

In the recent past, a fundamental particle has been claimed to be experimentally observed, at a European Laboratory in Geneva, to travel at a speed greater than that of light in vacuum. The name of the particle is

[amp_mcq option1=”electron” option2=”positron” option3=”neutron” option4=”neutrino” correct=”option4″]

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In 2011, the OPERA experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy (using neutrinos from CERN in Geneva) reported observations suggesting that neutrinos might travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum. This finding caused significant scientific excitement and skepticism.
The particle involved in the experiment claiming superluminal speed was the neutrino. The results were later attributed to experimental errors, specifically a faulty cable connection in the GPS timing system and an oscillator issue, and the initial claim was retracted.
According to Einstein’s theory of special relativity, nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum (c). The OPERA result, if confirmed, would have fundamentally challenged this principle. Subsequent, more precise experiments confirmed that neutrinos do not travel faster than light.

155. To start your loaded trolley bag, you exert more force than when it is

To start your loaded trolley bag, you exert more force than when it is moving. This is an example of

[amp_mcq option1=”first law of thermodynamics” option2=”second law of thermodynamics” option3=”Newton’s second law of motion” option4=”Newton’s first law of motion” correct=”option4″]

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This phenomenon is an example that relates to Newton’s first law of motion. Newton’s First Law states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. To start the loaded trolley bag from rest, you need to exert a force strong enough to overcome its inertia (resistance to change in state of motion) and the static friction between the trolley and the ground. Once the trolley is moving, the friction acting on it is kinetic friction, which is typically less than the maximum static friction. Therefore, less force is required to keep it moving than to start it from rest. The principle that a force is required to change the state of rest is central to the first law.
– Newton’s First Law describes inertia, the resistance of an object to changes in its state of motion.
– Static friction opposes the start of motion and is generally greater than kinetic friction, which opposes motion while it is occurring.
– Overcoming inertia and static friction requires more force than overcoming kinetic friction to maintain motion.
Newton’s Second Law (F=ma) describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, which applies once a net force is acting. While the forces (applied force, friction) and resulting motion are governed by the Second Law, the observation about needing more force to *start* is fundamentally about overcoming the initial resistance to motion described by the First Law and the nature of static vs. kinetic friction. The First Law provides the foundational principle that a force is necessary to initiate motion from rest.

156. A thin pin of iron can be made to float on water (drinking) in a bowl.

A thin pin of iron can be made to float on water (drinking) in a bowl. This phenomenon is due to the

[amp_mcq option1=”surface tension of water” option2=”viscous nature of water” option3=”presence of ionic bonds in water molecules” option4=”presence of covalent bonds in water molecules” correct=”option1″]

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A thin pin of iron, despite being denser than water, can float on the surface of water due to surface tension. Surface tension is the property of liquid surfaces that causes them to behave like a thin elastic membrane, resisting external force. The cohesive forces between water molecules create this tension.
– Surface tension is a property of liquids arising from cohesive forces between molecules.
– It allows the liquid surface to support small objects that are denser than the liquid, provided the object is placed gently and does not break the surface.
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Ionic and covalent bonds describe the chemical bonding within water molecules, not the macroscopic phenomenon of an object floating on the surface. The ability of insects like water striders to walk on water is also due to surface tension.

157. A microwave oven uses wave with a

A microwave oven uses wave with a

[amp_mcq option1=”large wavelength in the invisible range” option2=”small wavelength in the visible range” option3=”large wavelength in the visible range” option4=”small wavelength in the invisible range” correct=”option4″]

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A microwave oven uses microwaves, which are electromagnetic waves. Microwaves have wavelengths that are longer than visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation, but shorter than radio waves. They fall within the radio spectrum and are invisible to the human eye. Therefore, they have a small wavelength relative to radio waves but are definitely in the invisible range. Compared to visible light, their wavelength is larger, but option D specifies ‘small wavelength in the invisible range’, which is correct relative to, say, radio waves or considering the typical options comparing ‘visible’ vs ‘invisible’ and relative wavelength size.
– Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
– They are invisible to humans.
– The wavelengths are typically in the centimeter range.
Microwave ovens commonly operate at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of approximately 12.2 cm. This wavelength is efficient at heating water molecules in food.

158. A television remote uses

A television remote uses

[amp_mcq option1=”infrared waves” option2=”cosmic waves” option3=”microwaves” option4=”ether waves” correct=”option1″]

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Most traditional television remote controls use infrared (IR) light to send signals to the television. These signals are invisible to the human eye.
– Infrared waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light.
– IR communication is suitable for short-range, line-of-sight applications like remote controls.
Newer types of remote controls, particularly for smart TVs or other devices, may use radio waves (like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) which do not require a direct line of sight. However, the vast majority of standard TV remotes use infrared.

159. The process by which heat is transmitted from the Sun to the Earth is

The process by which heat is transmitted from the Sun to the Earth is called

[amp_mcq option1=”Conduction” option2=”Convection” option3=”Radiation” option4=”Cosmic disturbances” correct=”option3″]

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The process by which heat is transmitted from the Sun to the Earth is called Radiation.
Radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, which can travel through a vacuum. The space between the Sun and the Earth is largely a vacuum.
Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact, and convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). Neither conduction nor convection can efficiently transfer heat across the vacuum of space. The Sun emits energy primarily in the form of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet), which travels to Earth and is absorbed or reflected.

160. The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of

The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of

[amp_mcq option1=”J.C. Bose” option2=”S.N. Bose” option3=”Isaac Newton” option4=”Albert Einstein” correct=”option2″]

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The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of S.N. Bose.
The term ‘Boson’ is named after the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose (S.N. Bose) for his work on quantum statistics, which laid the foundation for describing the behavior of these particles.
Satyendra Nath Bose collaborated with Albert Einstein, and their joint work led to the development of the Bose-Einstein statistics and the prediction of the Bose-Einstein condensate. Particles that obey Bose-Einstein statistics are called bosons.
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