Muslim Invasion of India

1. During the 8th – 14th centuries, in the Sanskrit texts and inscription

During the 8th – 14th centuries, in the Sanskrit texts and inscriptions, which of the following terms were used to denote Muslims ?

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  • 1. Turushka
  • 2. Tajika
  • 3. Parashika
  • 4. Kardamaka

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 4
2 and 3 only
1, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2022
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The correct answer is A) 1, 2 and 3.
During the period between the 8th and 14th centuries, when Islamic rule and influence spread in various parts of India, Sanskrit texts and inscriptions frequently used terms like ‘Turushka’ (referring to Turks, especially Ghaznavids, Ghurids, and Delhi Sultans of Turkish origin), ‘Tajika’ (often referring to Arabs or people from Persian lands, including early Muslim rulers like the Rais of Sind or later groups), and ‘Parashika’ (specifically referring to Persians). These terms were used by Indian writers to identify and describe people of Muslim faith, often based on their ethnic or geographic origins.
‘Kardamaka’ is a term historically associated with a dynasty of Western Satraps (Indo-Scythians) who ruled parts of western India around the early centuries CE, long before the period specified in the question (8th-14th centuries). It is not a term used to denote Muslims in this later medieval period. Therefore, only Turushka, Tajika, and Parashika are relevant terms used to refer to Muslims during 8th-14th centuries in Sanskrit texts and inscriptions.

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2. Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind was written in which language?

Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind was written in which language?

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Arabic
Persian
Urdu
Turkish
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2020
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Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind was written in Arabic.
Al-Biruni was a Central Asian scholar who travelled to India with Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century. His monumental work, Kitab-ul-Hind (literally “Book on India”), is a comprehensive study of Indian society, culture, religion, philosophy, science, and geography. Al-Biruni wrote this work, like most of his scholarly output, in Arabic.
Al-Biruni learned Sanskrit to study Indian texts and interact with local scholars. His work stands out for its objective and scholarly approach to understanding a foreign culture, making it an invaluable source for the history of medieval India. Arabic was the prominent language of scholarship across the Islamic world during that period.

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3. Who among the following Mongol leaders/commanders did not cross Indus

Who among the following Mongol leaders/commanders did not cross Indus to attack India?

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Chenghiz Khan
Tair Bahadur
Abdullah
Qutlugh Khwaja
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
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The correct answer is Chenghiz Khan. While he reached the banks of the Indus River in pursuit of the Khwarazmian ruler Jalal-ud-din, he did not cross the river in significant force to launch a full-scale invasion or attack on India itself.
Chenghiz Khan’s presence near the Indus threatened the Delhi Sultanate under Iltutmish, but a large-scale invasion was averted.
Mongol invasions and raids into India, crossing the Indus, became more frequent under subsequent Mongol leaders like Tair Bahadur, Abdullah, and Qutlugh Khwaja during the reigns of various Delhi Sultans like Alauddin Khalji and the Tughluqs.

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