131. Exchange rates state the value of one currency in terms of other curre

Exchange rates state the value of one currency in terms of other currencies. Which one of the following statements with respect to the exchange rate of currency is correct ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Floating exchange rates are rates in which the Governments interfere by buying or selling their currencies.” option2=”Fixed exchange rates are rates set by Government decisions and maintained by Government actions.” option3=”Under the Bretton Woods System, the exchange rates are floated in terms of rise or fall in price of gold.” option4=”Under the classical gold standard, the exchange rates are fixed in terms of price of dollar.” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2021
The correct answer is B) Fixed exchange rates are rates set by Government decisions and maintained by Government actions.
Under a fixed exchange rate system, the government or central bank officially sets the value of its currency against another currency or a basket of currencies and intervenes in the foreign exchange market (buying or selling its own currency) to maintain this parity.
A) Floating exchange rates are primarily determined by market forces (supply and demand) with minimal or no government intervention. Managed float systems involve occasional intervention, but are distinct from purely floating rates. C) The Bretton Woods System involved fixed exchange rates pegged to the US dollar, which was convertible into gold. Exchange rates were not floated in terms of the rise or fall in the price of gold, but changes could occur through agreed-upon devaluations or revaluations (adjustable peg). D) Under the classical gold standard, exchange rates were fixed based on the relative gold content of each currency, not in terms of the price of the dollar specifically, as the dollar was just one currency whose value was defined by gold.

132. The asset or assets that a borrower pledges in order to guarantee repa

The asset or assets that a borrower pledges in order to guarantee repayment of a loan is called as

[amp_mcq option1=”Cheque” option2=”Collateral” option3=”Guarantee card” option4=”Bond” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2021
Collateral is an asset or piece of property that a borrower pledges to a lender as security for a loan. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender has the right to seize and sell the collateral to recover the outstanding debt.
– Collateral reduces the risk for the lender, making them more willing to extend credit.
– Common examples of collateral include real estate (for mortgages), vehicles (for car loans), or other valuable assets.
A cheque is a payment instrument. A guarantee card is not a standard financial term for pledged assets. A bond is a debt instrument representing money lent by an investor to a borrower (typically a government or corporation), not an asset pledged *by* a borrower *to* guarantee repayment.

133. Recently the Reserve Bank of India has imposed limitations, initially

Recently the Reserve Bank of India has imposed limitations, initially for a period of six months, on the withdrawal of amount by account holders of which one of the following banks?

[amp_mcq option1=”IndusInd Bank” option2=”Dhanlaxmi Bank” option3=”Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank” option4=”South Indian Bank” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed withdrawal limitations on the Punjab and Maharashtra Cooperative Bank (PMC Bank) in September 2019.
In late September 2019, RBI placed PMC Bank under restrictions, including caps on customer withdrawals, due to alleged financial irregularities, including under-reporting of non-performing assets.
The restrictions were initially imposed for six months under Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and were subsequently extended. The case involved significant fraud allegations against the bank management.

134. The Cash Reserve Ratio refers to

The Cash Reserve Ratio refers to

[amp_mcq option1=”the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as liquid assets” option2=”the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as balances with the RBI” option3=”the share of Net Demand and Time Liabilities that banks have to hold as part of their cash reserves” option4=”the ratio of cash holding to reserves of banks” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the portion of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) that it must maintain as a balance with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This is a mandatory requirement set by the RBI. Option B accurately describes this.
– CRR is a monetary policy tool used by the RBI to control liquidity in the banking system.
– Banks do not earn any interest on the balances held with the RBI under CRR.
– It is a percentage of the bank’s total deposits (NDTL).
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is another reserve requirement, which mandates banks to maintain a certain percentage of their NDTL in the form of liquid assets such as cash, gold, and unencumbered government securities.

135. Which one of the following is not correct about Repo rate?

Which one of the following is not correct about Repo rate?

[amp_mcq option1=”It is the interest rate charged by the Central Bank on overnight loan.” option2=”It is the interest rate paid by the commercial banks on overnight borrowing.” option3=”It is the interest rate agreed upon in the loan contract between a commercial bank and the Central Bank.” option4=”It is the cost of collateral security.” correct=”option4″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
Repo rate is the interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) lends money to commercial banks, usually against government securities.
– Option A is correct: It is the interest rate charged by the Central Bank (RBI) on loans (often overnight/short term).
– Option B is correct: From the perspective of commercial banks, it is the interest rate paid on their overnight borrowing from the RBI.
– Option C is correct: It is indeed the interest rate agreed upon in the repo transaction contract between the bank and the RBI.
– Option D is incorrect: Repo rate is an interest rate, not the cost of the collateral security itself. The collateral security (e.g., government bonds) is what is pledged by the bank to obtain the loan, and it has its own market value or cost, which is distinct from the interest charged on the loan amount.
– Repo rate is a key monetary policy tool used by the RBI.
– It stands for Repurchase Rate. In a repo transaction, banks sell securities to RBI with an agreement to repurchase them at a later date at a pre-determined price (which includes the interest component).
– The repo rate influences borrowing costs for banks and thereby affects liquidity in the financial system.
The opposite of repo rate is the Reverse Repo Rate, at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks. The Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) rate is typically higher than the repo rate and is used by banks for emergency borrowing.

136. ‘Sub-prime crisis’ is a term associated with which one of the followin

‘Sub-prime crisis’ is a term associated with which one of the following events?

[amp_mcq option1=”Economic recession” option2=”Political instability” option3=”Structural adjustment programmes” option4=”Growing social inequality” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2019
The term ‘Sub-prime crisis’ is associated with the Economic recession of 2008-2009.
The Sub-prime crisis refers to the financial crisis that began in the United States in 2007 with a high default rate on subprime mortgages (loans given to borrowers with poor credit history). The packaging and selling of these mortgages as complex financial instruments spread the risk throughout the global financial system, leading to the collapse of major financial institutions and triggering a severe global economic recession in 2008 and 2009.
The crisis severely impacted economies worldwide through interconnected financial markets, reduced international trade, and decreased consumer confidence. While structural adjustment programmes relate to economic policies, and social inequality exists, the ‘sub-prime crisis’ is directly and specifically linked to the financial sector collapse that caused the major economic recession. Political instability can be a consequence, but the crisis itself is fundamentally an economic event.

137. Which one of the following events is not correctly matched with the ye

Which one of the following events is not correctly matched with the year in which it happened?

[amp_mcq option1=”Inauguration of the SWIFT system of electronic interbank fund transfers worldwide—1985″ option2=”Conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT—1994″ option3=”Inauguration of the World Trade Organization—1995″ option4=”Establishment of the first wholly electronic stock exchange (Nasdaq)—1971″ correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
The event not correctly matched with the year is the Inauguration of the SWIFT system of electronic interbank fund transfers worldwide—1985.
SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) was founded in 1973, and its messaging services became operational in 1977. Therefore, 1985 is incorrect for its inauguration or becoming operational.
The other options are correctly matched:
B) The Uruguay Round of GATT concluded in December 1993, and the final act establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) was signed in Marrakech in April 1994. So, 1994 is correct for the conclusion/signing.
C) The World Trade Organization (WTO) was officially inaugurated/established on January 1, 1995, as the successor to GATT. This is correct.
D) Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) was established and began operations in 1971 as the world’s first electronic stock market. This is correct.

138. Which of the following statements about the India Post Payments Bank (

Which of the following statements about the India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is/are correct?

  • It has been incorporated as a Public Limited Company.
  • It started its operation by establishing two pilot branches at Hyderabad and Varanasi.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”1 only” option2=”2 only” option3=”Both 1 and 2″ option4=”Neither 1 nor 2″ correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
Statement 1 is correct: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) is incorporated as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 2013. It is wholly owned by the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India.
Statement 2 is incorrect: IPPB started its pilot operations on January 30, 2017, with two pilot branches at Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and Ranchi (Jharkhand).
IPPB was formally launched nationwide on September 1, 2018, with 650 branches and 3250 access points. It aims to provide accessible and affordable banking services to people across India, leveraging the vast network of the India Post. IPPB offers savings and current accounts, money transfers, direct benefit transfers, and bill payments, but it cannot offer loans or credit cards directly as per its license type (Payments Bank).

139. The Reserve Bank of India has recently constituted a high-level task f

The Reserve Bank of India has recently constituted a high-level task force on Public Credit Registry (PCR) to suggest a road map for developing a transparent, comprehensive and near-real-time PCR for India. The task force is headed by

[amp_mcq option1=”Sekar Karnam” option2=”Vishakha Mulye” option3=”Sriram Kalyanaraman” option4=”Y. M. Deosthalee” correct=”option4″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
In February 2018, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) constituted a high-level task force to develop a road map for a comprehensive Public Credit Registry (PCR) in India. The task force was headed by Shri Y. M. Deosthalee, former CMD of L&T Finance Holdings Ltd.
The PCR is intended to be a database containing information on all loan contracts in the country, including their history, purpose, and performance. This is expected to help banks and other financial institutions in credit assessment and also improve transparency in the credit market.
Other members of the task force included experts from banking, information technology, and credit information companies. The task force submitted its report to the RBI later in 2018, recommending the establishment of a PCR by the RBI.

140. Which one of the following statements about Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)

Which one of the following statements about Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) is not correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”It is a marketable security.” option2=”It experiences price changes throughout the day.” option3=”It typically has lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares.” option4=”An ETF does not have its net asset value calculated once at the end of every day.” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
The correct answer is C) It typically has lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are designed to be highly liquid and are known for their low expense ratios (fees) compared to many traditional mutual funds, especially actively managed ones. ETFs trade on stock exchanges throughout the day, providing intra-day liquidity, unlike mutual funds whose trades are settled only once per day at the Net Asset Value (NAV). Therefore, the statement that ETFs typically have lower daily liquidity and higher fees than mutual fund shares is incorrect.
Statements A, B, and D are generally correct descriptions of ETFs. A) ETFs are indeed marketable securities traded on exchanges. B) Their price fluctuates throughout the trading day based on market supply and demand, similar to stocks. D) While the market price changes continuously, the official NAV of the underlying portfolio is calculated at the end of the trading day, but the ETF’s traded price can diverge from its NAV due to market forces.