Modern History of India Archives

51. Who among the following was the first Indian ruler to accept the Subsi

Who among the following was the first Indian ruler to accept the Subsidiary Alliance System of Wellesley?

Salabat Jung

Asaf Jah II

Tipu Sultan

Baji Rao II

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Asaf Jah II, the Nizam of Hyderabad, was the first Indian ruler to accept the Subsidiary Alliance System as fully implemented by Lord Wellesley.

Lord Wellesley became the Governor-General of Bengal in 1798 and systematically used the Subsidiary Alliance system to expand British influence and control over Indian states. Under this system, an Indian ruler who accepted the alliance had to disband his own army and allow British troops to be stationed in his territory. He also had to pay for the maintenance of the British force and accept a British Resident at his court. In return, the British promised protection against external enemies and internal revolts, but this came at the cost of the ruler’s sovereignty.

While some earlier alliances with the British had features resembling the Subsidiary Alliance, the Nizam of Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II was the first major state to sign a comprehensive Subsidiary Treaty with Wellesley in September 1798. The Nawab of Awadh had signed an alliance in 1765, but it was different from Wellesley’s system. Baji Rao II, the Peshwa, accepted the alliance much later through the Treaty of Bassein in 1802. Tipu Sultan of Mysore was a staunch opponent of the British and was defeated and killed before he could be subjected to the alliance.

The Subsidiary Alliance System was a key tool used by the British East India Company under Wellesley to establish its paramountcy in India. It effectively reduced the Indian states to a position of dependence on the British.

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52. Who among the following took the lead in organizing the Women’s Indian

Who among the following took the lead in organizing the Women’s Indian Association in 1917?

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Margaret Cousins

Meherbhai Tata

Fatima Sheikh

Sarojini Naidu

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Margaret Cousins took a prominent lead in organizing the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917.

The Women’s Indian Association (WIA) was founded in 1917 in Adyar, Madras (Chennai). It was the first major feminist organization in India. Its founders included prominent figures like Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. Margaret Cousins, an Irish-Indian suffragette and educationist, played a crucial role in establishing and leading the organization, advocating for women’s suffrage, education, and social reform.

The WIA was instrumental in raising awareness about women’s rights and issues and played a significant role in the movement for women’s political representation in India. It helped pave the way for women to gain the right to vote in provincial and central legislatures.

53. Who among the following succeeded Lala Hardayal as the Secretary of th

Who among the following succeeded Lala Hardayal as the Secretary of the Ghadar Party?

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Bhai Santokh Singh

Sohan Singh Bhakna

Ram Nath Puri

Taraknath Das

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Bhai Santokh Singh succeeded Lala Hardayal as a prominent figure and Secretary of the Ghadar Party after Hardayal’s arrest and departure.

Lala Hardayal was a key leader and the first General Secretary of the Ghadar Party. Following his arrest in March 1914 and subsequent departure from the United States, the leadership roles evolved. Bhai Santokh Singh was an important leader and figure within the party who took on significant responsibilities, including serving as Secretary, in the period after Hardayal left. Sohan Singh Bhakna was the founding President of the Hindi Association (Ghadar Party). Ram Nath Puri and Taraknath Das were also associated with Indian revolutionary activities abroad but were not Hardayal’s direct successor as Secretary in the central leadership structure of the Ghadar Party in the way Santokh Singh was.

The Ghadar Party was founded by Punjabi Indians, primarily Sikhs, living in North America with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India through armed revolution. Its headquarters were in San Francisco, and it published the journal “Ghadar”.

54. Which one of the following measures was not a consequence of the succe

Which one of the following measures was not a consequence of the successful Champaran Satyagraha of 1917?

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The Sharabeshi rent was reduced by 26 percent

The Abwabs were declared illegal

The Thekedari system was allowed to continue as it was

The Tawan, a fine on peasants, was abolished

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While the Champaran Satyagraha brought significant reforms ending exploitative practices, it did not necessarily result in the complete abolition of the Thekedari system itself, although the practices of thekedars related to indigo were curtailed.

The Champaran Satyagraha led to the setting up of the Champaran Agrarian Enquiry Committee, whose recommendations were embodied in the Champaran Agrarian Act, 1917. As a direct consequence, the Tinkathia system was abolished, the Sharabeshi rent increase was reduced (typically stated as a 25% refund on illegal increases, effectively reducing the rent burden), Abwabs (illegal cesses) were declared illegal, and Tawan (fines for not planting indigo) was abolished. The Thekedari system was a system of land leasing and management, often involving European planters as thekedars (lessees of land revenue from zamindars), under which the exploitative indigo cultivation took place. While the Act dismantled the *exploitative indigo system* and curtailed the *power* of thekedars/planters, it did not abolish the Thekedari system itself as a land tenure arrangement. Therefore, statement C, that the Thekedari system was allowed to continue as it was, is the most accurate description of a measure *not* resulting from the Satyagraha, as the Satyagraha’s focus was on the *abuses* associated with indigo planting under this system, not the system’s structure itself.

The success at Champaran was Mahatma Gandhi’s first Satyagraha movement in India and a major victory against exploitative colonial economic practices. It demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent civil disobedience in mobilizing peasants and achieving concrete reforms.

55. The first session of the All India Hindu Mahasabha, founded at the ini

The first session of the All India Hindu Mahasabha, founded at the initiative of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and Lala Lajpat Rai, was held in

1915

1920

1922

1923

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The first session of the All India Hindu Mahasabha was held in 1915.

The All India Hindu Mahasabha was formally established and held its first session in 1915 at Haridwar, during the Kumbh Mela. Although informal groups advocating for Hindu interests existed earlier, 1915 is considered the year of its formal founding as an all-India body. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was one of the key figures instrumental in its establishment.

The Hindu Mahasabha emerged in response to political developments and communal concerns, aiming to protect and promote Hindu interests. Early leaders included Madan Mohan Malaviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, and later figures like V. D. Savarkar.

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56. Which one of the following statements about the Indian Association of

Which one of the following statements about the Indian Association of 1876 is not correct?

It aimed at creating strong public opinion in the country on political questions and the unification of Indian people under a common political programme.

It did not charge any membership fee from the poorer people.

Branches were opened in the towns and villages of Bengal and in many towns outside Bengal.

It was led by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose.

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While the Indian Association aimed for broad membership, it did charge a nominal membership fee, particularly from ordinary members, even if it was low to accommodate poorer sections.

The Indian Association, founded by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876, was a prominent pre-Congress nationalist organization. Statement A is correct; its objectives included mobilizing public opinion and promoting Indian unity. Statement D is correct regarding its leaders. Statement C is correct; it established branches widely to increase its reach. Statement B is incorrect in stating it charged *no* membership fee from the poorer people. While it aimed to be accessible and had a very low fee (e.g., 4 annas per year), it did have a fee structure. This nominal fee distinguished it from some earlier, more elite associations and helped broaden its base, but it didn’t literally charge *no* fee from all poor people.

The Indian Association played a significant role in various nationalist agitations, including the agitation against the reduction of the maximum age for appearing in the Indian Civil Service examination and the protest against the Vernacular Press Act. It was one of the predecessors of the Indian National Congress.

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57. Who wrote the feminist text Stree-Purush Tulana ?

Who wrote the feminist text Stree-Purush Tulana ?

Pandita Ramabai

Rukhmabai

Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

Tarabai Shinde

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The correct answer is D.

– The feminist text “Stree-Purush Tulana” (A Comparison Between Women and Men) was written by Tarabai Shinde in 1882 and published in 1885.
– It is considered one of the earliest modern feminist texts in India, critiquing patriarchal double standards and the subjugation of women.

Pandita Ramabai was another contemporary social reformer and feminist, known for establishing institutions like the Arya Mahila Samaj and Sharada Sadan. Rukhmabai was notable for her legal battle against child marriage and later became one of India’s first women doctors. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was a pioneering Bengali feminist, writer, and educator who founded schools for girls and wrote influential works like “Sultana’s Dream”.

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58. Which of the following pairs of tribal movements and their leaders are

Which of the following pairs of tribal movements and their leaders are correctly matched?

1.	Rampa Rebellion	:	Alluri Sitarama Raju
2.	Naga Movement	:	Haipou Jadonang
3.	Heraka Movement	:	Rani Gaidinliu
4.	Santhal Rebellion	:	Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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1, 2 and 3 only

2, 3 and 4 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

1 and 4 only

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The correct answer is C, meaning all four pairs are correctly matched.

– Pair 1: The Rampa Rebellion (also known as the Manyam Rebellion) of 1922-24 in the Godavari Agency was led by Alluri Sitarama Raju. This is correctly matched.
– Pair 2: Haipou Jadonang was a Naga spiritual leader and freedom fighter who led a movement against British rule in the early 1930s in Manipur and surrounding areas. This is correctly matched with the Naga Movement.
– Pair 3: The Heraka Movement was a religious reform movement that originated among the Zeliangrong Nagas. It was started by Haipou Jadonang and later led and popularized by Rani Gaidinliu, who continued the anti-British struggle associated with the movement. This is correctly matched.
– Pair 4: The Santhal Rebellion (Santhal Hul) of 1855-56 was a major tribal uprising against the British and their collaborators. It was led by four Murmu brothers: Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, and Bhairav. Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu were the principal leaders. This is correctly matched.

These tribal movements represent significant instances of resistance against colonial rule and exploitative systems in different parts of India. The leaders often combined socio-religious reform with political struggle.

60. Consider the following statements about ‘Dandi March’: The march was

Consider the following statements about ‘Dandi March’:

The march was widely covered by the European and American press.
It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Statement 1 is correct. The Dandi March and the subsequent Salt Satyagraha attracted significant international attention and were widely reported by newspapers and media outlets in Europe and America, highlighting the non-violent nature of the Indian independence movement under Gandhi’s leadership. Statement 2 is incorrect. While the Civil Disobedience Movement, including the Dandi March, saw massive participation of women, it was not the *first* nationalist activity with large female participation. Women had actively participated in earlier movements like the Swadeshi Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement in significant numbers.

– The Dandi March began on March 12, 1930, as a protest against the British salt tax.
– Gandhi led the march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, where he symbolically broke the salt law.
– The movement triggered widespread civil disobedience across India.
– Sarojini Naidu was a prominent leader who joined Gandhi at Dandi and later led a raid on the Dharasana salt works.

Prominent women participants in earlier movements included Sarla Devi Chaudhurani and Basanti Devi in the Non-Cooperation Movement, and participation in Swadeshi protests. The scale of women’s participation increased significantly during the Civil Disobedience Movement, making it highly visible, but it was not the absolute first instance of large-scale involvement.