Modern History of India

91. Consider the following pairs : Movement/Organization Leader 1

Consider the following pairs :

Movement/OrganizationLeader
1. All India Anti-Untouchability League: Mahatma Gandhi
2. All India Kisan Sabha: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
3. Self-Respect Movement: E. V. Ramaswami Naicker

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 only” option2=”1 and 2 only” option3=”2 and 3 only” option4=”1, 2 and 3″ correct=”option4″]

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All three pairs are correctly matched.
Pair 1 is correctly matched: Mahatma Gandhi founded the All India Anti-Untouchability League in 1932 to work for the eradication of untouchability. It was later renamed Harijan Sevak Sangh.
Pair 2 is correctly matched: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a prominent figure in the Indian peasant movement and founded the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936 as the apex body of peasant organizations in India.
Pair 3 is correctly matched: E. V. Ramaswami Naicker, also known as Periyar, founded the Self-Respect Movement in 1925 in Tamil Nadu. The movement aimed at achieving a society where backward castes have equal human rights and encouraging them to live with self-respect.
These movements represent different facets of social and political reform in India during the colonial period, addressing issues like caste discrimination, agrarian distress, and social equality.

92. With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements

With reference to Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:

  • 1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
  • 2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of Swadeshi Movement.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 only” option2=”2 only” option3=”Both 1 and 2″ option4=”Neither 1 nor 2″ correct=”option3″]

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Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Statement 1 is correct. A key aspect of the Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908), which was a reaction against the partition of Bengal, was the boycott of foreign goods and promotion of indigenous products. This led to a conscious effort to revive and promote Indian artisan crafts and establish new industries.
Statement 2 is correct. As part of the constructive programme of the Swadeshi movement, there was a strong emphasis on ‘National Education’. Institutions were established to impart education outside the control of the British government. The National Council of Education was established in 1906 to organize this system of education from primary to university level.
The Swadeshi movement had far-reaching implications beyond the partition of Bengal, influencing economic, cultural, and educational spheres and laying the groundwork for future nationalist movements.

93. Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’: 1

Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’:

  • 1. It ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.
  • 2. It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.
  • 3. The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2 only” option2=”2 and 3 only” option3=”1 and 3 only” option4=”1, 2 and 3″ correct=”option1″]

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Statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect.
Statement 1 is correct. The Charter Act of 1813 ended the East India Company’s monopoly on trade in India, opening it to all British merchants. However, it specifically retained the Company’s monopoly over the trade in tea and its trade with China.
Statement 2 is correct. The Act formally asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the territories held by the Company in India, signifying a shift in the constitutional position.
Statement 3 is incorrect. While the Act brought the Company’s territories and revenues under greater parliamentary oversight, the revenues of India were still primarily under the control and management of the East India Company. Parliament did not take direct control of Indian revenues at this stage; that control was asserted more definitively by later Acts, particularly after the 1857 revolt.
The Act of 1813 also included provisions for the promotion of education in India (allocating funds for the revival and improvement of literature and the encouragement of learned natives) and permitted Christian missionaries to come to India.

94. Consider the following events : 1. The first democratically elected

Consider the following events :

  • 1. The first democratically elected communist party government formed in a State in India.
  • 2. India’s then largest bank, ‘Imperial Bank of India’, was renamed ‘State Bank of India’.
  • 3. Air India was nationalised and became the national carrier.
  • 4. Goa became a part of independent India.

Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events ?

[amp_mcq option1=”4-1-2-3″ option2=”3-2-1-4″ option3=”4-2-1-3″ option4=”3-1-2-4″ correct=”option2″]

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The events in chronological order are: Air India was nationalised (1953), Imperial Bank of India was renamed State Bank of India (1955), the first democratically elected communist government was formed in Kerala (1957), and Goa became part of independent India (1961). This sequence corresponds to option B (3-2-1-4).
Key dates for these events are: Air India nationalisation – 1953; SBI formation – 1955; First communist government in Kerala (EMS Namboodiripad) – 1957; Goa Liberation (Operation Vijay) – 1961.
Air India was nationalised through the Air Corporations Act, 1953. The State Bank of India was formed by nationalizing the Imperial Bank of India under the State Bank of India Act, 1955. The Communist Party of India won the assembly elections in Kerala in 1957, forming the first non-Congress government and the first democratically elected communist government in an Indian state. Goa, a Portuguese colony, was integrated into India through military action in 1961.

95. With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in Ind

With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs :

InstitutionFounder
1. Sanskrit College at BenarasWilliam Jones
2. Calcutta MadarsaWarren Hastings
3. Fort William CollegeArthur Wellesley

Which of the pairs given above is/are correct ?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2″ option2=”2 only” option3=”1 and 3″ option4=”3 only” correct=”option2″]

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The correct answer is B) 2 only.
Let’s examine each pair:
1. **Sanskrit College at Benaras – William Jones:** This pair is incorrect. The Sanskrit College at Benaras (Varanasi) was established in 1791 by Jonathan Duncan, the Resident at Benaras, with the support of Governor-General Lord Cornwallis. William Jones was a prominent scholar of Oriental studies and founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 in Calcutta, but he did not found the Sanskrit College at Benaras.
2. **Calcutta Madarsa – Warren Hastings:** This pair is correct. The Calcutta Madarsa (now known as Aliah University) was established in 1781 by Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal. It was established to promote the study of Muslim law and related subjects.
3. **Fort William College – Arthur Wellesley:** This pair is incorrect. Fort William College was established in 1800 by Lord Richard Wellesley, who was the Governor-General of Bengal from 1798 to 1805. It was intended to provide training to British civil servants in Indian languages, history, and culture. Arthur Wellesley was Richard Wellesley’s younger brother, who later became the Duke of Wellington and was known for his military career.
These institutions represent early attempts by the British colonial administration to engage with Indian languages, laws, and cultures, partly for administrative convenience and partly influenced by Orientalist scholars. They played a role in shaping the educational landscape during the colonial period.

96. Which among the following events happened earliest ?

Which among the following events happened earliest ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.” option2=”Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan.” option3=”Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.” option4=”Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.” correct=”option2″]

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The correct answer is B) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan.
To determine the earliest event, we need to know the approximate dates of each event:
A) Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj in 1875.
B) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan between 1858 and 1859 (it was published in 1860).
C) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath in 1882.
D) Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1863.
Comparing the dates, the writing of Neeldarpan occurred earliest.
Neeldarpan (The Mirror of Indigo) is a Bengali play that depicted the plight of indigo farmers under British planters. It caused significant controversy and highlighted the brutal treatment of the farmers, contributing to the Indigo Revolt (1859). The Arya Samaj was a Hindu reform movement promoting Vedic values. Satyendranath Tagore’s achievement in the ICS broke barriers and was a significant milestone for Indians in the colonial administration. Anandmath is a Bengali novel set in the context of the Sannyasi Rebellion and contains the song ‘Vande Mataram’.

97. In 1920, which of the following changed its name to “Swarajya Sabha” ?

In 1920, which of the following changed its name to “Swarajya Sabha” ?

[amp_mcq option1=”All India Home Rule League” option2=”Hindu Mahasabha” option3=”South Indian Liberal Federation” option4=”The Servants of India Society” correct=”option1″]

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In 1920, during the period of the Non-Cooperation Movement, the All India Home Rule League, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi (who became its president in 1920), changed its name to ‘Swarajya Sabha’. This change reflected the shift in nationalist goals towards achieving Swaraj (self-rule) through non-cooperation.
The change of name symbolized the alignment of the Home Rule movement with the broader objectives of the Indian National Congress under Gandhi’s leadership.
The Hindu Mahasabha remained a separate organization focused on Hindu interests. The South Indian Liberal Federation, also known as the Justice Party, was a political party in Madras Presidency focused on representing non-Brahmin interests. The Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale for social service and training public workers and did not change its name to Swarajya Sabha.

98. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in

Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India ?

  • 1. Charter Act of 1813
  • 2. General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823
  • 3. Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2 only” option2=”2 only” option3=”1 and 3 only” option4=”1, 2 and 3″ correct=”option4″]

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All three statements are correct and relate to the introduction and development of English education in India. The Charter Act of 1813 was the first legislative step by the British government to acknowledge the importance of education in India by allocating Rs. 1 lakh annually. The General Committee of Public Instruction was formed in 1823 to manage this grant. This committee became the focal point of the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, which debated the medium of instruction (Oriental languages vs. English) and the content of education (traditional Indian vs. Western knowledge). The victory of the Anglicists, strongly influenced by Macaulay’s Minute, paved the way for the official adoption and promotion of English education in the following years (e.g., Wood’s Despatch in 1854).
The introduction of English education was a gradual process involving legislative action (1813 Act), administrative bodies (1823 Committee), and significant ideological debate (Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy).
Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General, passed a resolution in 1835 adopting the Anglicist view, making English the official language of government and the medium of instruction in higher education.

99. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of

Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley ?

[amp_mcq option1=”To maintain a large standing army at other’s expense” option2=”To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger” option3=”To secure a fixed income for the Company” option4=”To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States” correct=”option3″]

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The system of Subsidiary Alliance, introduced by Lord Wellesley, aimed to bring Indian states under British control. While the Indian state had to pay for the maintenance of the British contingent stationed within its territory (which indirectly benefited the Company financially), the primary purpose was not “to secure a fixed income for the Company.” The payment was often in the form of cession of territory rather than a fixed cash income, and the main objectives were political and military dominance.
The main objectives of the Subsidiary Alliance were military protection against external threats (like Napoleon) and internal dissent, maintaining a large army at the expense of Indian states, controlling the foreign policy of Indian states, and establishing British paramountcy.
Under the alliance, the Indian ruler had to disband his own army, accept a British Resident at his court, and could not enter into alliances or relations with other foreign powers or Indian states without the Company’s permission. This effectively stripped the Indian states of their sovereignty and brought them under complete British control.

100. Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha”

Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948 ?

[amp_mcq option1=”B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George” option2=”Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy” option3=”C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu” option4=”Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta” correct=”option4″]

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The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) was founded on December 24, 1948, by socialists, Forward Bloc followers, and independent unionists. The key founders included Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta.
HMS is one of the major trade union federations in India, formed after a split from the Hind Mazdoor Panchayat and the Indian National Trade Union Congress.
It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). The other options list individuals associated with different political or social movements. B. Krishna Pillai and E.M.S. Namboodiripad were prominent communists. Jayaprakash Narayan was a socialist leader, Deen Dayal Upadhyay was associated with the Jan Sangh, and M.N. Roy was a radical humanist and communist. C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer was Dewan of Travancore, K. Kamaraj was a Congress leader, and Veeresalingam Pantulu was a social reformer.
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