Information and Communication Technology

1. Which Union Ministry has initiated the ‘Vikaspedia’ (India Development

Which Union Ministry has initiated the ‘Vikaspedia’ (India Development Gateway) to empower the poor (rural and urban)?

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of External Affairs
Ministry of Education
This question was previously asked in
UPSC SO-Steno – 2018
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The correct answer is Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
Vikaspedia (India Development Gateway) is an online information portal initiated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. It aims to provide information and services for the empowerment of rural and urban poor, focusing on areas like agriculture, health, education, social welfare, energy, and e-governance.
The platform is implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) Hyderabad. It serves as a multilingual online knowledge platform for development sectors.

2. The National Informatics Centre (NIC), under the Ministry of Electroni

The National Informatics Centre (NIC), under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, has launched an instant messaging platform called

Samachar
Sandes
Telegraph
Chat
This question was previously asked in
UPSC SO-Steno – 2017
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The correct answer is B. The National Informatics Centre (NIC), under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, launched an instant messaging platform called ‘Sandes’.
Sandes is an Indian government instant messaging platform. It was developed by NIC and aims to provide a secure messaging platform for government employees and later potentially for the general public, as an alternative to foreign messaging apps.
This initiative is part of the government’s push towards ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India) in technology and digital infrastructure. Sandes offers features like one-to-one and group messaging, file sharing, and voice and video calls.

3. Which one of the following organizations has launched the White Rabbit

Which one of the following organizations has launched the White Rabbit Collaboration to foster the uptake of White Rabbit technology by industry ?

CERN
ILO
UNICEF
UNDP
This question was previously asked in
UPSC Combined Section Officer – 2024
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The organization that launched the White Rabbit Collaboration to foster the uptake of White Rabbit technology by industry is CERN.
The White Rabbit project is an Ethernet-based network for general purpose data transfer, which provides sub-nanosecond accuracy and picosecond precision in synchronization. It was initially developed at CERN for the upgrade of its accelerator control and data acquisition systems. CERN initiated the White Rabbit Collaboration to bring together institutions and companies interested in adopting and developing this technology.
White Rabbit technology combines the precision of the PTP (Precision Time Protocol) protocol with the synchronization capabilities of Synchronous Ethernet. It is now used in various fields beyond physics, including smart grids, telecommunications, and financial trading, wherever high-precision time synchronization is critical.

4. CRT in the context of security equipment stands for

CRT in the context of security equipment stands for

Cathode Ray Tube
Central Research Transponder
Common Repeater Timing
None of the above
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UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. This technology was historically used in display screens, including monitors for security camera systems (CCTV) and displays in X-ray baggage scanners.
CRT is a display technology formerly common in various electronic equipment, including security monitoring systems.
While CRT displays have largely been replaced by newer technologies like LCD and LED in modern security equipment, the term and the underlying technology were fundamental in the development of early electronic displays for security applications.

5. MS Access is a/an

MS Access is a/an

relational DBMS
network DBMS
object-oriented DBMS
hierarchical DBMS
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UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is A) relational DBMS. Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft. It is designed to manage data using tables that are organized into fields and records, and allows for defining relationships between these tables using primary and foreign keys. This structure fits the definition of a relational database management system (RDBMS).
MS Access stores data in tables and uses relationships between tables to organize and manage data, which is characteristic of a Relational Database Management System.
Network, object-oriented, and hierarchical DBMS represent different data modeling structures. Network DBMS uses a graph-like structure, hierarchical DBMS uses a tree-like structure, and object-oriented DBMS stores data as objects. Relational DBMS (like MS Access, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle) organizes data in tables with defined relationships.

6. On which layer of the OSI model does a ‘repeater’ operate?

On which layer of the OSI model does a ‘repeater’ operate?

Physical
Data link
Network
Presentation
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is A) Physical. A repeater is a network device that operates at the Physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model. Its function is to receive a signal, regenerate or amplify it to its original strength, and then retransmit it, extending the range of the network segment. It does not interpret data packets or frames; it simply deals with the electrical or optical signals.
Repeaters work at the Physical layer, dealing with the raw signal transmission medium and regenerating signals to overcome attenuation.
Other devices operating at the Physical layer include hubs and cabling. Devices like switches operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2), routers operate at the Network layer (Layer 3), and gateways can operate at multiple layers, often including the upper layers.

7. Which one of the following is the medium in optical storage system for

Which one of the following is the medium in optical storage system for reading and recording data?

Ultraviolet light
Laser light
Black light
High-energy visible light
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is B) Laser light. Optical storage systems, such as CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives, use laser beams to read and write data. The laser light interacts with the surface of the disc, reflecting differently off the ‘pits’ and ‘lands’ (or phase changes) that represent the stored binary data.
Optical storage technology relies on the use of focused light, specifically lasers, to interact with the storage medium surface for data retrieval and recording.
Different types of optical media use lasers of different wavelengths. For example, CD drives use red lasers, DVD drives use shorter-wavelength red lasers, and Blu-ray drives use blue-violet lasers, allowing for higher data density. Ultraviolet light, black light (which is also UV light), and general high-energy visible light are not the specific mediums used in standard optical data storage systems.

8. Histogram is a type of

Histogram is a type of

line chart
pie chart
bar chart
donut chart
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is C) bar chart. A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a type of bar chart where the bars are drawn such that they are adjacent to each other (unless there are gaps in the data), and each bar represents the frequency or count of data falling within a specific bin or range.
A histogram uses bars to show the frequency distribution of data, making it a specific type of bar chart. The x-axis represents the data ranges (bins), and the y-axis represents the frequency.
Unlike standard bar charts which often represent categorical data, histograms represent continuous or grouped numerical data. Line charts display data points connected by lines. Pie charts and donut charts represent proportions of a whole.

9. In a computer system, the signed numbers cannot be represented by

In a computer system, the signed numbers cannot be represented by

signed magnitude
one's complement
two's complement
float magnitude
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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The correct answer is D) float magnitude. Signed integers in computer systems are typically represented using methods like signed magnitude, one’s complement, or two’s complement. These methods handle the sign (positive or negative) of the integer value. ‘Float magnitude’ is not a standard method for representing signed integers. Floating-point numbers use a different format (usually IEEE 754 standard) involving a sign bit, an exponent, and a mantissa, which is distinct from signed integer representations.
Signed magnitude, one’s complement, and two’s complement are standard methods for representing signed integers in binary. Floating-point representation is used for real numbers and uses a different structure.
Signed magnitude uses the leftmost bit for the sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative) and the remaining bits for the magnitude. One’s complement represents negative numbers by inverting all bits of the positive number. Two’s complement is the most common method for representing signed integers due to its efficiency in arithmetic operations; it represents negative numbers by inverting all bits of the positive number and adding 1.

10. The smallest addressable unit of memory is

The smallest addressable unit of memory is

bit
byte
word
nibble
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2024
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In most modern computer architectures, the smallest addressable unit of memory is a byte. Memory addresses are typically assigned to individual bytes, allowing programs to access or modify memory one byte at a time.
– A byte consists of 8 bits.
– While a bit is the fundamental unit of digital information (0 or 1), it is usually not directly addressable in memory. Access is typically at the byte level or larger units like words.
– A nibble is a group of 4 bits, which is half a byte. It’s a useful concept in some contexts but not a standard addressable unit.
– A word is a native unit of data used by a particular processor design. Its size varies (e.g., 16, 32, 64 bits) and is typically aligned on byte boundaries.
– Understanding the smallest addressable unit is fundamental to understanding memory organization and pointers in programming.
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