Indian Geography

61. Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in se

Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in sea level, giving rise to present-day extensive marshland?

[amp_mcq option1=”Bhitarkanika Mangroves” option2=”Marakkanam Salt Pans” option3=”Naupada Swamp” option4=”Rann of Kutch” correct=”option4″]

This question was previously asked in
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The Rann of Kutch is a vast seasonal salt marsh region in Gujarat, India. Geologically, it is believed to have been an arm of the Arabian Sea that gradually silted up and uplifted, leading to the sea’s retreat. Subsequent relative sea level changes and sedimentation have resulted in the formation of the extensive, flat, often flooded (during monsoon) and dry (during winter/summer) marshland/salt flat landscape. This history best fits the description of an extensive marshland resulting from repeated falls in sea level over geological time.
– Repeated sea level falls or marine regressions expose former seabed.
– Rann of Kutch’s formation is linked to geological processes including sea level changes.
– Other options like mangroves, salt pans, or typical swamps don’t primarily exemplify formation via repeated sea level falls exposing vast areas.
The Rann of Kutch is divided into the Great Rann of Kutch and the Little Rann of Kutch. It is known for its unique ecosystem, including the Indian wild ass sanctuary in the Little Rann.

62. Consider the following statements: 1. India has more arable area tha

Consider the following statements:

  • 1. India has more arable area than China.
  • 2. The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China.
  • 3. The average productivity per hectare in Indian agriculture is higher than that in China.

How many of the above statements are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”Only one” option2=”Only two” option3=”All three” option4=”None” correct=”option1″]

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Statement 1 is correct: India has a larger area of arable land (land under temporary crops, meadows, pastures) compared to China. Estimates vary, but India’s arable land is typically cited as around 155-160 million hectares, while China’s is around 120-130 million hectares.
Statement 2 is incorrect: China has a higher proportion of irrigated area relative to its cultivated land compared to India. China has made massive investments in irrigation infrastructure.
Statement 3 is incorrect: China generally has higher average agricultural productivity per hectare for most major crops compared to India due to greater mechanization, input use efficiency, and technological adoption.
– India possesses more available land suitable for cultivation.
– China has a higher reliance on and proportion of irrigated farming.
– China generally achieves higher yields per unit area in agriculture.
Despite having more arable land, India’s large population size results in lower per capita availability of cultivated land compared to China. Both countries face challenges related to water management and sustainable agricultural practices.

63. Consider the following statements: 1. Jhelum River passes through Wu

Consider the following statements:

  • 1. Jhelum River passes through Wular Lake.
  • 2. Krishna River directly feeds Kolleru Lake.
  • 3. Meandering of Gandak River formed Kanwar Lake.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

[amp_mcq option1=”Only one” option2=”Only two” option3=”All three” option4=”None” correct=”option2″]

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Statement 1 is correct: The Jhelum River is the primary source of water for Wular Lake and flows through it.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Kolleru Lake is located between the deltas of the Krishna and Godavari rivers and is fed by streams like Budameru and Tammileru and drainage channels, not directly by the main Krishna River.
Statement 3 is correct: Kanwar Lake (Kabar Taal) is an oxbow lake formed by the meandering activity of the Burhi Gandak River, an old channel of the Gandak River system. Oxbow lakes are indeed formed by river meandering.
– Wular Lake is a significant freshwater lake in Kashmir fed by the Jhelum.
– Kolleru Lake is an important wetland in Andhra Pradesh situated between river deltas.
– Kanwar Lake is India’s largest oxbow lake, formed by river meanders.
Wular Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia. Kolleru Lake was designated a Ramsar site in 2002. Kanwar Lake was declared a Ramsar site in 2020.

64. Consider the following pairs : Wetland/Lake Location

Consider the following pairs :

Wetland/Lake Location
1. Hokera Wetland Punjab
2. Renuka Wetland Himachal Pradesh
3. Rudrasagar Lake Tripura
4. Sasthamkotta Lake Tamil Nadu

How many pairs given above are correctly matched ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Only one pair” option2=”Only two pairs” option3=”Only three pairs” option4=”All four pairs” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2022
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Only two pairs are correctly matched: Renuka Wetland (Himachal Pradesh) and Rudrasagar Lake (Tripura).
Hokera Wetland is located in Jammu and Kashmir. Sasthamkotta Lake is located in Kerala. Renuka Wetland and Rudrasagar Lake are correctly paired with Himachal Pradesh and Tripura, respectively.
These are examples of Ramsar sites (Wetlands of International Importance) in India. Knowing the location of important wetlands and lakes is crucial for environmental geography.

65. With reference to India, consider the following statements : 1. Mon

With reference to India, consider the following statements :

  • 1. Monazite is a source of rare earths.
  • 2. Monazite contains thorium.
  • 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire coastal sands in India.
  • 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2 and 3 only” option2=”1, 2 and 4 only” option3=”3 and 4 only” option4=”1, 2, 3 and 4″ correct=”option2″]

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Statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
Monazite is a phosphate mineral containing rare earth elements (REEs) and thorium. It is found in placer deposits, particularly in coastal sands. In India, due to its thorium content, which is a prescribed substance under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, the mining, processing, and export of monazite are strictly controlled and primarily handled by government entities like IREL (India) Limited.
Statement 3 is incorrect because monazite sands, while found along coasts, are not uniformly distributed across the *entire* coastal sands of India. They are concentrated in specific areas, notably the beaches of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha.

66. Consider the following pairs : Peak Mountains 1. Na

Consider the following pairs :

Peak Mountains
1. Namcha Barwa Garhwal Himalaya
2. Nanda Devi Kumaon Himalaya
3. Nokrek Sikkim Himalaya

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ?

[amp_mcq option1=”1 and 2″ option2=”2 only” option3=”1 and 3″ option4=”3 only” correct=”option2″]

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Only pair 2 is correctly matched.
– Pair 1: Namcha Barwa is located in the easternmost Himalayas, near the bend of the Brahmaputra river, in Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet. It is not in the Garhwal Himalaya, which is in Uttarakhand. Incorrect.
– Pair 2: Nanda Devi is located in Uttarakhand and is part of the Kumaon Himalaya. It is the second-highest peak in India (after Kangchenjunga on the border with Nepal) and the highest peak located entirely within India. Correct.
– Pair 3: Nokrek Peak is the highest point of the Garo Hills in Meghalaya, in Northeast India. It is not part of the Sikkim Himalaya, which is located much further west, encompassing parts of Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim. Incorrect.
The Himalayas are broadly divided into several sections, including the Punjab, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, and Assam/Arunachal Himalayas, based on regional boundaries or river valleys. Major peaks are located in these different sections. The Garhwal Himalaya is often considered part of the Kumaon Himalaya region.

67. Gandikota canyon of South India was created by which one of the follow

Gandikota canyon of South India was created by which one of the following rivers ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Cauvery” option2=”Manjira” option3=”Pennar” option4=”Tungabhadra” correct=”option3″]

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The Gandikota canyon of South India was created by the Pennar river.
– Gandikota is a village situated on the right bank of the Penna river (also known as Pennar) in the YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh.
– The famous canyon at Gandikota is formed where the Penna river cuts through the relatively flat landscape of the Eastern Ghats, creating a deep gorge resembling the Grand Canyon in the USA.
The Pennar River is one of the major rivers of South India, originating in the Nandi Hills in Karnataka and flowing through Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The canyon at Gandikota is a significant geological feature and a popular tourist attraction.

68. Consider the following pairs : Reservoirs States 1.

Consider the following pairs :

Reservoirs States
1. Ghataprabha – Telangana
2. Gandhi Sagar – Madhya Pradesh
3. Indira Sagar – Andhra Pradesh
4. Maithon – Chhattisgarh

How many pairs given above are not correctly matched ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Only one pair” option2=”Only two pairs” option3=”Only three pairs” option4=”All four pairs” correct=”option3″]

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Three pairs are not correctly matched.
– Pair 1 (Ghataprabha – Telangana): Incorrect. The Ghataprabha dam and reservoir are located in Karnataka, on the Ghataprabha river, a tributary of the Krishna river.
– Pair 2 (Gandhi Sagar – Madhya Pradesh): Correct. The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major dams built on the Chambal River, located in Madhya Pradesh.
– Pair 3 (Indira Sagar – Andhra Pradesh): Incorrect. The Indira Sagar Dam is a multi-purpose project built on the Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh. While there are projects named after Indira Gandhi related to irrigation in the Andhra Pradesh/Telangana region (e.g., Indirasagar Polavaram Project), the large dam typically referred to as ‘Indira Sagar’ is in MP.
– Pair 4 (Maithon – Chhattisgarh): Incorrect. The Maithon Dam is located in Jharkhand, built on the Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar River. It is part of the Damodar Valley Corporation projects.
Thus, pairs 1, 3, and 4 are incorrectly matched.
Reservoirs and dams are crucial for irrigation, power generation, and flood control. Knowing their locations is important for understanding India’s water resources and geography. The rivers associated are: Ghataprabha (Krishna tributary), Gandhi Sagar (Chambal), Indira Sagar (Narmada), Maithon (Barakar/Damodar).

69. Consider the following States : Andhra Pradesh Kerala Himachal Pra

Consider the following States :

  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Kerala
  • Himachal Pradesh
  • Tripura

How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Only one State” option2=”Only two States” option3=”Only three States” option4=”All four States” correct=”option4″]

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UPSC IAS – 2022
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All four states listed are generally known as tea-producing States in India. Andhra Pradesh has tea plantations, particularly in the Araku Valley region. Kerala is a major tea producer, with famous tea-growing areas like Munnar and Wayanad. Himachal Pradesh is known for its distinctive Kangra tea. Tripura is also a significant tea-growing state in North East India, after Assam and West Bengal.
Tea cultivation in India is concentrated in several states across different geographical regions, including the North East, South India, and some hilly regions in the North.
While Assam and West Bengal (Darjeeling, Dooars) are the largest tea-producing states in India, states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris), Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Bihar, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh also contribute to India’s tea production.

70. Among the following, which one is the least water-efficient crop?

Among the following, which one is the least water-efficient crop?

[amp_mcq option1=”Sugarcane” option2=”Sunflower” option3=”Pearl millet” option4=”Red gram” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2021
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Among the given options, sugarcane is generally considered the most water-intensive crop. While the water requirement varies depending on the region, soil type, and climate, sugarcane needs a large amount of water throughout its long growing season compared to the other crops listed. Pearl millet (Bajra) and Red gram (Arhar) are typically grown as rainfed crops or require less water, especially Pearl millet which is known for its drought tolerance. Sunflower also requires less water than sugarcane. Therefore, sugarcane is the least water-efficient crop among the options.
– Water efficiency of crops refers to the amount of yield produced per unit of water consumed.
– Sugarcane is a long-duration crop with high water requirements.
– Pearl millet and Red gram are relatively drought-tolerant crops.
Water efficiency can also be measured by the yield per unit of water transpired (WUE – Water Use Efficiency) or applied (IRWUE – Irrigation Water Use Efficiency). Crops like sugarcane, rice, and cotton are known for high water consumption. Promoting water-efficient crops and practices is crucial for sustainable agriculture, especially in water-scarce regions.
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