Human Anatomy and Physiology

31. Suppose, due to an accident, the delicate lining of the mouth and the

Suppose, due to an accident, the delicate lining of the mouth and the oesophagus of a person is injured. In this case, which one of the following tissues will be affected ?

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Smooth muscle
Cuboidal epithelium
Squamous epithelium
Striated muscle
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2022
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The delicate lining of the mouth and the oesophagus is primarily composed of squamous epithelium.
Epithelial tissue forms the lining of body cavities, surfaces, and organs. The inner lining (mucosa) of the mouth and oesophagus, which is subject to abrasion from food passage, is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells, providing a protective barrier. Injury to this lining directly affects this epithelial tissue.
Smooth muscle is found in the muscular layers of the oesophagus wall, responsible for peristalsis (moving food down), but not the lining itself. Cuboidal epithelium is typically found in glands and kidney tubules. Striated muscle (skeletal muscle) is involved in voluntary movements, such as swallowing initiation, but does not form the lining.

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32. Accumulation of which one of the following in the muscles of sprinters

Accumulation of which one of the following in the muscles of sprinters leads to cramp?

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Lactic acid
Ethanol
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
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The correct answer is A) Lactic acid.
During intense physical activity like sprinting, muscles may not receive enough oxygen to perform aerobic respiration. In such anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert glucose into lactic acid through a process called anaerobic glycolysis. The accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue lowers the pH and can lead to muscle fatigue, soreness, and cramps.
Pyruvic acid is an intermediate product in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; in the absence of sufficient oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. Ethanol is produced by fermentation in some organisms (like yeast) but not by human muscles. Glucose is the primary fuel source, not the waste product causing cramps.

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33. In which one of the following types of connective tissues in animals d

In which one of the following types of connective tissues in animals does fat get stored?

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Adipocyte
Chondrocyte
Osteocyte
Reticulocyte
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
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Connective tissue is a type of animal tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body. Different types of connective tissue include adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, etc. Fat storage is primarily a function of adipose tissue. The main cells that make up adipose tissue and are specialized for storing fat are called adipocytes. Therefore, fat gets stored in adipocytes, which are found in adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue that serves as the body’s main energy reserve by storing fat in the form of triglycerides.
Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage. Osteocytes are cells found in bone tissue. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Only adipocytes are primarily involved in fat storage.

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34. Which one of the following elements is involved in the control of wate

Which one of the following elements is involved in the control of water content of the blood?

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Potassium
Lithium
Rubidium
Caesium
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
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Potassium is the correct answer among the given options. While sodium is the primary electrolyte determining the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, including blood plasma, and thus the control of water content, potassium is the major intracellular cation and plays a critical role in maintaining cell volume and membrane potential. Proper balance of potassium is essential for the function of the kidneys, which regulate water and electrolyte excretion, thereby influencing blood volume and water content. Hormones like aldosterone regulate both sodium and potassium levels, highlighting their interconnected roles in fluid homeostasis.
– Water content of blood is controlled by the balance of electrolytes, primarily sodium in the extracellular fluid.
– Potassium is a crucial intracellular electrolyte involved in cell volume and membrane function.
– The kidneys, regulated by hormones, control electrolyte and water balance.
– Among the options provided, Potassium is the only major electrolyte with a significant role in overall fluid and electrolyte balance impacting blood water content, especially through its influence on kidney function and cellular osmotic balance.
Sodium (Na⁺) is the main electrolyte responsible for the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid. Hormones like ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) and Aldosterone regulate water and sodium reabsorption/excretion by the kidneys, directly influencing blood volume and water content. While potassium’s role in blood water content control is less direct than sodium’s, its proper balance is essential for normal physiological function, including kidney function and cellular integrity, which are critical for maintaining overall fluid homeostasis. Lithium has medicinal uses but is not a primary regulator of normal fluid balance; Rubidium and Caesium are not essential electrolytes and can be toxic.

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