Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change

81. Which one of the following is not a resultant of the El Nino effect?

Which one of the following is not a resultant of the El Nino effect?

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Distortion of equatorial atmospheric circulation.
Flow of the South-East Trade Winds towards the Indian Ocean.
Irregularities in the evaporation of sea water.
Reduction in the amount of planktons which reduces the number of fish in the sea.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2022
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El Nino is characterized by the warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and a weakening or reversal of the trade winds in that region. This disrupts normal atmospheric circulation patterns, including the Walker Circulation. Option B states that it results in the flow of South-East Trade Winds towards the Indian Ocean, which is not a direct or characteristic result of the El Nino effect on the primary trade winds in the Pacific. While El Nino impacts global weather patterns and teleconnections can affect the Indian Ocean region and monsoon, the core effect on trade winds is their weakening in the Pacific, not a redirected flow towards the Indian Ocean.
El Nino’s primary impact is on the Pacific Ocean’s oceanographic and atmospheric conditions, specifically the weakening/reversal of trade winds and warming of the eastern Pacific, leading to a distortion of the Walker Circulation.
Option A describes the distortion of equatorial atmospheric circulation (weakening of the Walker Circulation), which is a fundamental consequence of El Nino. Option C refers to irregularities in evaporation, which naturally occur with significant changes in sea surface temperatures. Option D describes the reduction in plankton and fish due to suppressed upwelling of nutrient-rich cold water off the coast of South America, a well-known ecological impact of El Nino. Therefore, B is the statement that does not accurately describe a resultant of the El Nino effect.

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82. Which one of the following statements is true with regard to a greenho

Which one of the following statements is true with regard to a greenhouse ?

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The shorter wavelength infrared radiations from the Sun can enter into the greenhouse while longer wavelength infrared radiations from the ground and the plants inside the greenhouse cannot pass back out through the glass.
The shorter wavelength infrared radiations from the Sun can enter into the greenhouse and the longer wavelength infrared radiations from the ground and the plants inside the greenhouse can also pass through the glass.
The shorter wavelength infrared radiations from the Sun cannot enter into the greenhouse while longer wavelength infrared radiations from the ground and the plants inside the greenhouse can pass back out through the glass.
No infrared radiation can pass through the glass of the greenhouse.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2022
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Statement A correctly describes the principle behind a greenhouse effect.
Glass is largely transparent to incoming short-wavelength radiation from the sun (including visible light and some short-wavelength infrared). This radiation warms the interior of the greenhouse (ground, plants, air). The warmed objects then re-emit energy as longer-wavelength infrared radiation (heat). Glass is relatively opaque to this longer-wavelength infrared radiation, trapping the heat inside and causing the temperature to rise. Option A describes this process where shorter wavelengths enter and longer wavelengths cannot easily exit.
While sunlight is primarily visible light, it also contains some IR. The initial warming is due to absorption of various wavelengths. The key is the differential transmission of short-wavelength incoming radiation vs. long-wavelength outgoing radiation through the glass. Options B, C, and D describe scenarios that would not result in the typical warming effect observed in a greenhouse.

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83. The ‘Kyoto Protocol’ is an international treaty that commits State par

The ‘Kyoto Protocol’ is an international treaty that commits State parties to reduction in

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poverty
greenhouse gases emission
nuclear armaments
agricultural subsidy
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2019
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The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty negotiated under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Its main objective was to commit industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. It is directly concerned with combating climate change by reducing the emissions of key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.
– The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty under the UNFCCC.
– It sets binding emission reduction targets for developed countries for greenhouse gases.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. It was followed by the Doha Amendment (for a second commitment period) and later superseded by the Paris Agreement.

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84. Which one of the following statements about the National Adaptation Fu

Which one of the following statements about the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change is not correct?

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The fund is meant to assist national and State level activities to meet the cost of adaptation measures.
This scheme has been taken as a Central Sector Scheme.
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is the national implementing entity for the fund.
The scheme has been in force since 2015-2016.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2018
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The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is not the national implementing entity for the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change.
The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) is a Central Sector Scheme fully funded by the Union Government. It was launched in August 2015 (thus in force since 2015-16) to support adaptation measures to climate change in vulnerable sectors and regions. The fund assists national and State level activities for this purpose. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) acts as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the NAFCC, responsible for implementing adaptation projects under the fund. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the country’s premier body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture, but it is not the NIE for the NAFCC.
NABARD’s role as NIE involves identifying potential projects, appraising proposals, disbursing funds, and monitoring project implementation. ICAR contributes valuable research and expertise, particularly for climate change adaptation in agriculture, but it does not manage the NAFCC fund directly as the implementing entity.

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