Economic Geography Archives

11. Who among the following geographers is related to ‘primate city’

Who among the following geographers is related to ‘primate city’ concept?

August Losch

Mark Jefferson

Griffith Taylor

W. Christaller

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2017

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The concept of a ‘primate city’ was introduced by the geographer Mark Jefferson in 1939. He defined a primate city as a city which is at least twice as large as the next largest city in a country or region and which is the dominant center of the country’s or region’s social, political, and economic activity.

– Mark Jefferson is credited with developing the ‘primate city’ concept.
– A primate city is disproportionately large and dominant compared to other cities in a country.
– August Losch and W. Christaller are associated with Central Place Theory, which explains the spatial distribution and hierarchy of settlements.
– Griffith Taylor contributed to various fields of geography, including urban geography and racial geography.

The primate city concept is often contrasted with rank-size rule, which suggests a more regular hierarchy of city sizes in a country. Countries like France (Paris) and the United Kingdom (London) are often cited as examples exhibiting the primate city pattern.

12. Which of the following regarding gateway city is/are correct? 1. City

Which of the following regarding gateway city is/are correct?
1. City whose physical location makes it a link between one country and others, or between one region and others
2. A gateway city exercises control over a large area because it commands the entry and exit rights and powers for a particular country or region
3. Most gateway cities are ports, many of which were formerly administrative centres for a colonial government

1 only

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-1 – 2024

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All three statements accurately describe characteristics of gateway cities:
1. City whose physical location makes it a link between one country and others, or between one region and others: This is the fundamental definition of a gateway city – its strategic location serves as a key entry/exit point connecting different areas.
2. A gateway city exercises control over a large area because it commands the entry and exit rights and powers for a particular country or region: Gateway cities control the flow of goods, people, and information due to their function as transportation hubs and points of entry/exit, granting them significant influence or ‘control’ over related activities in the connected regions.
3. Most gateway cities are ports, many of which were formerly administrative centres for a colonial government: Historically and currently, many major gateway cities are ports (seaports or airports) that facilitate international trade and travel. Many also served as crucial administrative centres during colonial periods, consolidating power and controlling access and resources for the colonial power.

Examples of gateway cities include New York, Singapore, London, Hong Kong, and Mumbai, which function as key nodes in global networks. Their importance often stems from a combination of geographical advantage and historical development.

13. The Headquarters of the International Tropical Timber Organization is

The Headquarters of the International Tropical Timber Organization is located at

New Delhi

Yokohama

Madrid

Jakarta

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-1 – 2019

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The correct answer is B. The Headquarters of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is located in Yokohama, Japan. ITTO is an intergovernmental organization established under the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983, promoting the conservation and sustainable management, use, and trade of tropical forest resources.

The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) has its headquarters in Yokohama, Japan.

ITTO works towards sustainable forest management and the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed forests. It facilitates discussion, consultation, and cooperation among tropical timber producing and consuming countries.

14. Which one of the following is not an exclusive right of the concerne

Which one of the following is not an exclusive right of the concerned coastal nations over Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

Survey and exploitation of mineral resources of ocean deposits

Exploitation of marine water energy and marine organisms including fishing

Conservation and management of marine resources

Navigation of ships and laying down submarine cables

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-1 – 2018

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The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state. Within this zone, the coastal state has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources (living and non-living) of the waters, seabed, and subsoil (options A, B, C). However, UNCLOS grants all states certain freedoms in the EEZ, including the freedom of navigation, overflight, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines. These are not exclusive rights of the coastal nation but rather high seas freedoms exercised within the EEZ, compatible with the coastal state’s rights. Therefore, navigation of ships and laying down submarine cables are not exclusive rights.

– The EEZ grants coastal states sovereign rights over resources but not full sovereignty over the water column or airspace.
– Freedoms of navigation and laying submarine cables are preserved for all states within the EEZ under UNCLOS.

The concept of the EEZ was established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Beyond the EEZ lies the high seas, where all states have equal freedoms. The rights within the EEZ are distinct from the full sovereignty a state exercises over its territorial waters (typically up to 12 nautical miles).

15. ‘Rand/ZAR’ is the currency of

‘Rand/ZAR’ is the currency of

Burundi

Libya

Sudan

South Africa

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-1 – 2017

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The currency ‘Rand/ZAR’ is the currency of South Africa.

ZAR stands for Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand. It is the official currency of the Republic of South Africa.

The South African Rand is also used as the currency in the Common Monetary Area, which links South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland).