Drainage System

41. Which one of the following river valleys of India is under the influen

Which one of the following river valleys of India is under the influence of intensive gully erosion?

Kosi
Chambal
Damodar
Brahmaputra
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2019
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The correct answer is B. The Chambal river basin is renowned for its extensive badland topography, characterized by deep and wide gullies formed by severe soil erosion. This intensive gully erosion in the Chambal valley has created vast areas of ravines (‘beehad’ or ‘bihad’), making agriculture difficult and the area prone to dacoity in the past due to the challenging terrain.
The Chambal river valley in India is widely known for the development of extensive ravines caused by intensive gully erosion.
Gully erosion is a form of water erosion that occurs when runoff water accumulates and flows rapidly in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains, eroding the soil and forming gullies. Factors contributing to gully erosion in the Chambal basin include the nature of the soil, the slope of the land, sparse vegetation cover, and rainfall intensity.

42. Which one of the following ports is located on estuary?

Which one of the following ports is located on estuary?

Kandala
Marmagao
Kolkata-Haldia
Tuticorin
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2017
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The port located on an estuary among the given options is Kolkata-Haldia.
The Port of Kolkata, including its downstream dock complex at Haldia, is located on the Hooghly River, which is a tidal distributary of the Ganges and acts as an estuarine system. Marmagao is located on the estuary of the Zuari River, making it also an estuarine port. However, Kolkata is a major riverine port situated far inland, relying on the tidal Hooghly, and is often cited as a prominent example of an estuarine port in India. Kandla is on the Gulf of Kutch, and Tuticorin is an artificial deep-sea harbour.
Estuarine ports are often susceptible to silting and require constant dredging. Kolkata Port faces this challenge due to its location on the Hooghly estuary. Both Marmagao and Kolkata are technically estuarine ports, but Kolkata’s position on a large tidal river system makes it a more characteristic example often highlighted in geographical texts.
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