Diseases and Treatment

21. Who among the following scientists introduced the concept of immunizat

Who among the following scientists introduced the concept of immunization to the medical world?

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Edward Jenner
Robert Koch
Robert Hooke
Carl Linnaeus
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
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Edward Jenner is widely recognized as the pioneer of vaccination and immunization. In 1796, he conducted experiments showing that inoculation with material from cowpox lesions could protect people from smallpox, a much more dangerous disease. His work laid the foundation for the modern practice of vaccination and the concept of using a weakened or similar agent to confer immunity.
Robert Koch is famous for his contributions to microbiology, including establishing Koch’s postulates for identifying causative agents of infectious diseases and isolating specific bacteria like the tuberculosis bacillus. Robert Hooke was a scientist who used a microscope to observe and describe cells in cork. Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who developed the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms. While these scientists made significant contributions to biology and medicine, Edward Jenner is specifically credited with introducing the concept and practice of immunization through vaccination.
Jenner’s discovery was revolutionary and eventually led to the eradication of smallpox, one of the deadliest diseases in human history, demonstrating the immense public health impact of immunization.

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22. Which one of the following is not an epidemic disease?

Which one of the following is not an epidemic disease?

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Cholera
Malaria
Smallpox
Elephantiasis
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2020
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Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis) is typically classified as a chronic disease, often endemic in certain regions, caused by parasitic worms. While local outbreaks can occur, it is not usually referred to as an ‘epidemic’ in the same sense as diseases like cholera, malaria, or smallpox, which can spread rapidly through a population in a short period. Cholera, malaria, and smallpox (historically, before eradication) are well-known examples of epidemic or pandemic diseases characterized by rapid spread and increased incidence.
– Epidemic diseases are characterized by a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a specific population or region.
– Cholera, malaria, and smallpox fit the description of diseases that can occur in epidemics.
– Elephantiasis is a chronic parasitic infection leading to swelling, which is usually endemic rather than primarily epidemic.
An endemic disease is one that is constantly present in a population, while an epidemic involves a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread across a large region, multiple continents or worldwide. Elephantiasis, caused by filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes, results in long-term disability and is primarily a public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions where the parasites are endemic.

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