Demand for Pakistan

1. The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was

The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was

Wavell Plan
Partition of India
Rajagopalachari Formula
Cabinet Mission Proposals
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2019
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The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was the Rajagopalachari Formula.
– C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) proposed a formula in March 1944 to resolve the political deadlock between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, particularly regarding the issue of Pakistan.
– The ‘Rajaji Formula’ suggested that the Muslim League should support the Congress demand for complete independence. After the transfer of power, a plebiscite would be held in Muslim-majority districts in the North-West and North-East of India to decide whether they wished to form a separate sovereign state. If separation was agreed upon, agreements would be made on subjects like defence, commerce, communications, etc.
– Mahatma Gandhi endorsed this formula and used it as the basis for his talks with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, in September 1944.
– The talks failed because Jinnah rejected the formula, finding it unsatisfactory. He wanted the Congress to accept the two-nation theory and the principle of Partition first, before any plebiscite, and wanted only Muslims to vote in the plebiscite, not all inhabitants of the area.
The Wavell Plan came in 1945, the Cabinet Mission Proposals in 1946. The Partition of India was the eventual outcome but not the basis *for* the 1944 talks; rather, the talks attempted (unsuccessfully) to find a formula that might lead to a mutually acceptable arrangement concerning areas claimed for Pakistan.

2. Which politician in British India had opposed to a Pakistan that would

Which politician in British India had opposed to a Pakistan that would mean “Muslim Raj here and Hindu Raj elsewhere”?

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Sikandar Hayat Khan
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2019
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The correct answer is C.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a prominent nationalist Muslim leader within the Indian National Congress and a staunch opponent of the Partition of India based on the Two-Nation Theory. He consistently advocated for a united India where Muslims and Hindus could coexist harmoniously. The phrase “Muslim Raj here and Hindu Raj elsewhere” encapsulates the religious division logic behind the concept of Pakistan, which Azad vehemently opposed throughout his political career. His views were articulated forcefully in his writings and speeches, arguing against the idea that Muslims in India constituted a separate nation.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Frontier Gandhi, was another prominent Muslim leader who opposed the Partition, particularly the inclusion of the North-West Frontier Province into Pakistan, advocating for an independent ‘Pakhtunistan’ or a united India. Sikandar Hayat Khan was the Premier of Punjab (1937-1942) and leader of the Unionist Party; while initially favoring a confederation, he eventually supported the idea of Pakistan. Rafi Ahmed Kidwai was also a nationalist Muslim leader in Congress, but Maulana Azad was the most prominent and vocal critic of the Partition on the grounds of religious nationalism at the all-India level.
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