Biology

231. In which part or organ of human body cartilage is NOT found ?

In which part or organ of human body cartilage is NOT found ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Nose” option2=”Trachea” option3=”Bronchiole” option4=”Knee joint” correct=”option3″]

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UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body. While present in the nose, trachea, and knee joints, it is absent in the smaller airways called bronchioles.
The respiratory tract contains cartilage in the trachea and bronchi to maintain their structure and prevent collapse. As the airways branch into smaller bronchioles (less than 1 mm in diameter), the cartilage rings disappear, and the walls become primarily smooth muscle and elastic tissue, which allows for regulation of airflow through bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.
Cartilage provides support and flexibility. Different types of cartilage exist, such as hyaline cartilage (found in the trachea and joints), elastic cartilage (found in the ear and epiglottis), and fibrocartilage (found in intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee). The absence of cartilage in bronchioles is a key anatomical feature distinguishing them from larger airways.

232. Which one among the following combinations most appropriately represen

Which one among the following combinations most appropriately represent the components of balanced diet ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Carbohydrate, vitamins, proteins, fat, minerals, fibres and water” option2=”Carbohydrate, vitamins, proteins, fat and minerals” option3=”Carbohydrate, vitamins, proteins, minerals and water” option4=”Vitamins, proteins, fat, minerals, fibres and water” correct=”option1″]

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UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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A balanced diet must provide all the essential nutrients required by the body in appropriate quantities for good health. The options provided list various food components. Option A includes all the major categories of nutrients and essential components needed for a balanced diet.
A balanced diet consists of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibres, and water. Each of these components plays a vital role in the body’s functions.
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy. Proteins are essential for growth and repair. Fats provide energy and help absorb certain vitamins. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients necessary for various metabolic processes. Fibres are important for digestive health. Water is crucial for numerous bodily functions, including transport and temperature regulation.

233. Which one among the following diseases is caused due to deficiency of

Which one among the following diseases is caused due to deficiency of Vitamin D in humans ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Beriberi” option2=”Scurvy” option3=”Rickets” option4=”Pneumonia” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid). Rickets is a condition in children caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to soft and weak bones. Osteomalacia is the equivalent condition in adults, primarily caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria or viruses, not a vitamin deficiency. Therefore, Rickets is caused by Vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphate absorption and bone health. Deficiency can lead to impaired bone mineralization, resulting in Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin D can be obtained from certain foods (fatty fish, fortified foods) and is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. Sunlight exposure is a significant source of Vitamin D for many people.

234. Which one among the following separation techniques is used for blood

Which one among the following separation techniques is used for blood tests in diagnostic laboratories ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Filtration” option2=”Chromatography” option3=”Centrifugation” option4=”Crystallization” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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The correct answer is C) Centrifugation.
Centrifugation is a separation technique used to separate particles from a liquid solution by spinning the solution at high speed in a centrifuge. Denser components move away from the axis of rotation, while lighter components move towards the axis. In diagnostic laboratories, centrifugation is routinely used for blood tests to separate blood components like plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, enabling various analyses on these different fractions.
Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid using a filter medium. Chromatography is used to separate mixtures based on differences in partitioning between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Crystallization is a technique used to separate a solid substance from a liquid solution by forming crystals. None of these are the primary method for separating blood components in a standard blood test.

235. In which one among the following the vegetative propagation takes plac

In which one among the following the vegetative propagation takes place through Eye Buds ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Potato” option2=”Ginger” option3=”Onion” option4=”Sugarcane” correct=”option1″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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The correct answer is A) Potato.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals are produced from vegetative parts like roots, stems, leaves, and buds. In potatoes, the underground stem (tuber) has structures called ‘eyes’, which are actually dormant buds. Each eye can grow into a new potato plant under favourable conditions.
Other plants also exhibit vegetative propagation through different structures: Ginger propagates through rhizomes (underground stems) which have nodes and buds. Onion propagates through bulbs, which are modified stems with fleshy leaves containing buds. Sugarcane propagates through stem cuttings which have nodes and buds. While all these involve buds, the term ‘eye buds’ is specifically associated with the potato tuber.

236. Which one among the following is the source of energy in cells ?

Which one among the following is the source of energy in cells ?

[amp_mcq option1=”ADP” option2=”ATP” option3=”AMP” option4=”NAD” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary source of energy in cells.
ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell because it stores and transfers energy released from metabolic reactions to power cellular activities.
Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate. ADP can be re-phosphorylated to ATP using energy from catabolic processes like cellular respiration. AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) and NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) are also important molecules in metabolism but ATP is the direct energy source for most cellular work.

237. Which one among the following tissues help to connect two bones ?

Which one among the following tissues help to connect two bones ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Tendons” option2=”Ligaments” option3=”Areolar tissue” option4=”Cartilage” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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Ligaments are the type of connective tissue that helps to connect two bones together.
Ligaments are strong, fibrous bands that stabilize joints by holding bones in place.
Tendons connect muscles to bones. Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue that fills spaces and supports organs. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue providing cushioning and support, found in joints but not primarily connecting bones to each other across a joint; that’s the role of ligaments.

238. Which of the following two cell organelles have their own genetic mate

Which of the following two cell organelles have their own genetic material ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Endoplasmic reticulum and plastids” option2=”Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria” option3=”Mitochondria and plastids” option4=”Lysosomes and Golgi apparatus” correct=”option3″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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Mitochondria and plastids are the two cell organelles in eukaryotic cells that possess their own genetic material (DNA).
This characteristic supports the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests that these organelles originated from prokaryotic organisms engulfed by primitive eukaryotic cells.
The DNA in mitochondria and plastids is typically circular, similar to bacterial DNA, and they also have their own ribosomes and protein synthesis machinery. Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus are part of the endomembrane system and do not have their own DNA.

239. Which one of the following statements about lysosomes is NOT correct ?

Which one of the following statements about lysosomes is NOT correct ?

[amp_mcq option1=”They are waste disposal system of the cell” option2=”They breakdown all inorganic materials” option3=”These are also referred to as "suicidal bags"” option4=”Lysosomes stop entry of foreign materials” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2024
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The statement “They breakdown all inorganic materials” is NOT correct about lysosomes.
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes (like proteases, lipases, carbohydrases, nucleases) that break down organic macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), waste materials, and cellular debris. They are not equipped to break down inorganic substances.
Statement A is correct as they function in waste disposal. Statement C is correct as they are often called “suicidal bags” because their rupture can lead to the digestion of the cell itself. Statement D is also technically incorrect as lysosomes digest foreign material *after* it has entered the cell (e.g., through phagocytosis), rather than stopping its entry. However, option B is fundamentally wrong about the nature of the substances they break down.

240. Which one of the following combinations of events represents the corre

Which one of the following combinations of events represents the correct sequence during reproduction in flowering plants ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Ovule → fruit; egg → embryo” option2=”Embryo → egg; ovary → fruit” option3=”Ovule → zygote; zygote → seed” option4=”Ovary → fruit; zygote → egg; embryo → ovule; seed → fruit” correct=”option2″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-2 – 2023
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This question is potentially flawed as multiple options contain incorrect pairings or sequences. However, evaluating the given options based on common transformations and developmental steps in flowering plant reproduction:
– Ovary develops into fruit (Ovary → fruit): This is a correct transformation that occurs after fertilization.
– Ovule develops into seed (Ovule → seed): This is a correct transformation.
– Egg (after fertilization, becomes zygote) develops into embryo (Egg → embryo, simplified lineage): This represents a correct developmental lineage, though it skips the zygote stage.
– Zygote develops into embryo (Zygote → embryo): This is a correct developmental step.

Let’s examine the options:
A) Ovule → fruit (Incorrect); egg → embryo (Correct lineage, simplified). Contains one incorrect and one correct (simplified) pairing.
B) Embryo → egg (Incorrect sequence); ovary → fruit (Correct transformation). Contains one incorrect and one correct pairing.
C) Ovule → zygote (Incorrect); zygote → seed (Incorrect). Contains two incorrect pairings.
D) Ovary → fruit (Correct transformation); zygote → egg (Incorrect sequence); embryo → ovule (Incorrect transformation); seed → fruit (Incorrect transformation). Contains one correct and multiple incorrect pairings.

Comparing options A and B, both contain one correct/partially correct statement paired with an incorrect one. Option B contains the direct and standard transformation “ovary → fruit”. While “egg → embryo” in A is a correct developmental lineage, “ovary → fruit” in B is a more direct transformation outcome commonly paired in such questions. Given the potential flaw in the question structure where combinations might mix correct and incorrect statements, option B is selected as the most likely intended answer because it contains the key correct transformation “ovary → fruit”.

Key transformations in flowering plant reproduction include Ovary developing into Fruit and Ovule developing into Seed. The egg cell participates in the formation of the embryo (Egg → Zygote → Embryo). Option B includes the correct transformation “ovary → fruit”.
The structure of this question with multiple pairings in options, some of which are incorrect, suggests it might be testing the identification of *any* correct transformation or sequence within the combination, despite the combination as a whole not necessarily representing a strict sequence of pairs. In typical questions, “Ovary → fruit” and “Ovule → seed” are standard correct transformations.
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