Biology

11. Which one of the following pairs correctly represents an example of an

Which one of the following pairs correctly represents an example of analogous organs ?

Forelimb of horse and human arm
Human hands and wings of birds
Wings of birds and wings of insects
Flipper of whale and forelimb of frog
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Analogous organs are organs that perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins and structures. Wings of birds and wings of insects both serve the function of flight, but their underlying structures are fundamentally different. Bird wings are modified forelimbs with bones covered by feathers, while insect wings are chitinous extensions of the body wall, supported by veins. This difference in structure despite similar function makes them analogous organs.
– Analogous organs arise from convergent evolution, where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
– They have similar functions but different basic structures and origins.
– Homologous organs, in contrast, have similar structures and origins (due to common ancestry) but may have different functions.
Examples of homologous organs include the forelimbs of vertebrates (human arm, whale flipper, bat wing, horse leg), which share a common bone structure despite different functions. Examples of analogous organs include the eye of a squid and the eye of a vertebrate, or the spines of a cactus and the spines of a euphorbia.

12. Which one of the following groups of organisms correctly makes a food

Which one of the following groups of organisms correctly makes a food chain ?

Grass, Goat, Human
Elephant, Goat, Grass
Tiger, Snake, Grass
Insect, Frog, Grass
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A food chain illustrates the flow of energy in an ecosystem, starting with a producer. In Option A, Grass is a producer (plants), Goat is a primary consumer that eats grass, and Human is a secondary or tertiary consumer that can eat goat. This correctly shows a linear flow of energy from producer to consumers. The other options present incorrect or reversed sequences that do not represent a valid food chain: B) Elephant and Goat both eat Grass, but there’s no flow shown between Elephant/Goat and Grass in the order presented. C) Tiger eats animals, Snake eats animals, Grass is a producer – no correct flow. D) Insect eats Grass, Frog eats Insect, Grass is a producer – the order is incorrect.
– A food chain starts with a producer (organism that makes its own food, usually plants).
– The arrows in a food chain indicate the direction of energy flow (from the organism being eaten to the organism that eats it).
– The sequence is typically Producer -> Primary Consumer (Herbivore) -> Secondary Consumer (Carnivore/Omnivore) -> Tertiary Consumer, etc.
Food chains are simplified models of energy flow in ecosystems. In reality, organisms often have multiple food sources, forming complex food webs. Understanding food chains helps to understand ecological relationships and energy transfer efficiency.

13. Who among the following is considered as the ‘Father of Vitamin therap

Who among the following is considered as the ‘Father of Vitamin therapy’ ?

Christiaan Eijkman
Frederick Hopkins
Casimir Funk
Robert Woodward
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Casimir Funk is considered the ‘Father of Vitamin therapy’.
Casimir Funk was a Polish biochemist who is credited with formulating the concept of vitamins. In 1912, he isolated a substance from rice husks that could cure beriberi and coined the term “vitamine” (later changed to vitamin), believing them to be vital amines essential for health and preventing deficiency diseases. His work strongly advocated for the therapeutic use of these substances, leading to him being regarded as the ‘Father of Vitamin therapy’.
Christiaan Eijkman’s work on the link between diet and beriberi was crucial in identifying vitamin deficiency, earning him a Nobel Prize, which he shared with Frederick Hopkins, who also worked on ‘accessory food factors’. While their contributions were foundational to the discovery of vitamins, Funk is more directly associated with the term “vitamin” and the therapeutic application of these substances to treat deficiency diseases, giving him the title ‘Father of Vitamin Therapy’. Robert Woodward was a Nobel laureate known for synthesizing many complex organic molecules, including vitamins, but he was not involved in their initial discovery or the development of vitamin therapy concepts in the early 20th century.

14. Which one of the following cell organelles is not lined by membrane ?

Which one of the following cell organelles is not lined by membrane ?

Lysosome
Ribosome
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
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Cell organelles in eukaryotic cells are often enclosed by membranes. The question asks which of the listed organelles is not lined by a membrane.
– Lysosome: Lined by a single membrane.
– Ribosome: Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, not enclosed by a membrane.
– Nucleus: Enclosed by a double membrane (the nuclear envelope).
– Golgi Apparatus: Composed of membrane-bound sacs (cisternae), lined by a single membrane.
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (though they differ in size/structure). Their lack of a membrane is a key structural feature that distinguishes them from many other organelles in eukaryotic cells. Other non-membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cells include the nucleolus, centrioles, and components of the cytoskeleton.

15. In which one of the following kingdoms, would you place an organism wh

In which one of the following kingdoms, would you place an organism which is eukaryotic, multi-cellular and non-photosynthetic ?

Protista
Monera
Fungi
Animalia
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The question asks for a kingdom containing an organism that is eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and non-photosynthetic. Let’s examine the options based on these characteristics.
– Monera: Prokaryotic. Does not fit the ‘eukaryotic’ criterion.
– Protista: Eukaryotic, but mostly unicellular. While some multi-cellular forms exist (like some algae, which are photosynthetic) and some non-photosynthetic forms exist (like amoeba, which are unicellular), being *both* multi-cellular and non-photosynthetic is not a defining characteristic of the kingdom as a whole.
– Fungi: Eukaryotic (fits). Mostly multi-cellular (fits, except for yeasts). Non-photosynthetic (all are heterotrophic, so fits). Fungi contain organisms like mushrooms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and non-photosynthetic.
– Animalia: Eukaryotic (fits). Multi-cellular (all are, fits perfectly). Non-photosynthetic (all are heterotrophic, fits perfectly). Animalia contain organisms like humans or insects that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and non-photosynthetic.
Both Fungi and Animalia fit the criteria of containing organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and non-photosynthetic. However, all members of the Kingdom Animalia are multicellular, whereas the Kingdom Fungi includes unicellular organisms like yeasts. Given that all three criteria perfectly describe all members of the Kingdom Animalia, and multicellularity is not universal in Fungi, Animalia is a stronger fit as a kingdom primarily characterized by these features among the options, when compared to Fungi. The question asks in which kingdom *an organism* with these properties would be placed, and Animalia universally contains such organisms.

16. Infectious diseases can spread through various means, such as air (sne

Infectious diseases can spread through various means, such as air (sneezes and coughs), water, food, insects and vectors. Which one of the following diseases does not have a vector ?

AIDS
Malaria
Dengue
Zika
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A vector in the context of infectious diseases is an organism, typically an arthropod like a mosquito or tick, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It is not transmitted through insect bites or other vectors.
Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito. Dengue is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. Zika is primarily transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, although it can also be transmitted sexually or from mother to fetus. These diseases rely on a vector organism for transmission. AIDS transmission pathways are sexual contact, parenteral (blood/needles), and mother-to-child (vertical transmission), none of which involve a vector organism in the typical sense.

17. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

E. coli
Amoeba
Plasmodium
Yeast
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Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Yeast, a type of fungus, commonly reproduces asexually by budding. A small bud emerges from the parent cell, grows, and eventually separates to form a new individual.
Other examples of organisms that reproduce by budding include Hydra (an animal) and sponges. E. coli and Amoeba reproduce by binary fission, where the parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. Plasmodium, the parasite causing malaria, reproduces asexually by multiple fission (schizogony) within host cells.
Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the single parent. Besides budding and binary fission, other modes of asexual reproduction include fragmentation, regeneration, spore formation, and vegetative propagation in plants.

18. In plants, Xylems are responsible for transport of

In plants, Xylems are responsible for transport of

amino acids.
food.
oxygen.
water.
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Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants (the other being phloem). The primary function of xylem is to transport water and some dissolved nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides structural support.
Xylem tissue consists of tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel elements), which are dead cells that form continuous tubes for water transport, along with parenchyma cells, fibers, and sometimes sclereids. The movement of water in xylem is primarily driven by transpiration pull, evaporation of water from leaves.
Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars (food produced during photosynthesis, primarily sucrose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant where they are needed for growth or storage. Amino acids are also transported in the phloem. Oxygen is obtained by plants directly from the atmosphere through stomata and lenticels for cellular respiration.

19. In a mammalian cell, the protein is synthesized by

In a mammalian cell, the protein is synthesized by

Ribosome.
Golgi.
Lysosome.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Ribosomes are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), as well as attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. They are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, a process called translation, where messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to build a protein chain.
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein). Translation occurs on ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins and consist of two subunits, a large one and a small one, which come together during translation.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting waste materials and cellular debris. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage, but not protein synthesis (which occurs on rough ER due to attached ribosomes, or free in the cytoplasm).

20. The tissue which is responsible for movement in our body is

The tissue which is responsible for movement in our body is

Connective tissue.
Muscular tissue.
Nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue.
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Muscular tissue is a type of animal tissue that is specialized for contraction. This contraction ability allows for movement of the body or parts of the body, as well as the movement of substances within the body (e.g., blood in vessels, food in the digestive tract).
There are three main types of muscular tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements of the limbs and body. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, responsible for involuntary movements. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. All are specialized for contraction to produce movement.
Connective tissue provides support and structure. Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals for communication and control. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities, providing protection, secretion, and absorption. While these tissues interact with muscular tissue, the primary responsibility for generating movement lies with muscular tissue.
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