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101. In a group of 30 students, each student has opted for at least one of

In a group of 30 students, each student has opted for at least one of the two subjects, Hindi and English. Twelve of them have opted for Hindi and twenty-two have opted for English. The number of students who have opted for only English is :

[amp_mcq option1=”22″ option2=”18″ option3=”12″ option4=”8″ correct=”option2″]

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Let H be the set of students who opted for Hindi and E be the set of students who opted for English. We are given the total number of students, $|H \cup E| = 30$ (since each student opted for at least one subject). We are given $|H| = 12$ and $|E| = 22$. The number of students who opted for both subjects is the intersection of H and E, denoted by $|H \cap E|$. Using the principle of inclusion-exclusion for two sets, we have $|H \cup E| = |H| + |E| – |H \cap E|$. Substituting the given values, $30 = 12 + 22 – |H \cap E|$. This gives $30 = 34 – |H \cap E|$, so $|H \cap E| = 34 – 30 = 4$. The number of students who opted for only English is the number of students in E minus the number of students in both H and E. So, number of students who opted for only English = $|E| – |H \cap E| = 22 – 4 = 18$.

– Total students = Students who opted for Hindi only + Students who opted for English only + Students who opted for both.
– $|H \cup E| = |H \text{ only}| + |E \text{ only}| + |H \cap E|$.
– $|H| = |H \text{ only}| + |H \cap E|$.
– $|E| = |E \text{ only}| + |H \cap E|$.

From $|H \cap E|=4$, we can also find the number of students who opted for only Hindi: $|H \text{ only}| = |H| – |H \cap E| = 12 – 4 = 8$.
Check: Total students = (Only Hindi) + (Only English) + (Both) = 8 + 18 + 4 = 30, which matches the given information.

102. If the sum of five consecutive even numbers is equal to the product of

If the sum of five consecutive even numbers is equal to the product of first five natural numbers, then which one of the following is the largest of those even numbers ?

[amp_mcq option1=”30″ option2=”24″ option3=”26″ option4=”28″ correct=”option4″]

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The product of the first five natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is $1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 \times 5 = 120$. Let the five consecutive even numbers be represented as $x-4, x-2, x, x+2, x+4$, where $x$ is the middle number. The sum of these five consecutive even numbers is $(x-4) + (x-2) + x + (x+2) + (x+4) = 5x$. We are given that this sum is equal to the product of the first five natural numbers, so $5x = 120$. Solving for $x$, we get $x = 120 / 5 = 24$. The five consecutive even numbers are $24-4=20$, $24-2=22$, $24$, $24+2=26$, and $24+4=28$. The largest of these even numbers is 28.

– First five natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Their product is 120.
– Consecutive even numbers differ by 2. Representing them around the middle term simplifies the sum calculation.
– If the middle term is $x$, the sum of five consecutive even numbers is $5x$.

Using $x-4, x-2, x, x+2, x+4$ simplifies the sum calculation as the constant terms cancel out. Alternatively, if the first even number is $a$, the numbers are $a, a+2, a+4, a+6, a+8$. Their sum is $5a+20$. So $5a+20 = 120$, $5a = 100$, $a=20$. The numbers are 20, 22, 24, 26, 28. The largest is $a+8 = 20+8 = 28$.

103. Who among the following headed the Indian States Committee formed in t

Who among the following headed the Indian States Committee formed in the year 1928 ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Motilal Nehru” option2=”Sir Harcourt Butler” option3=”Ian Copland” option4=”M.A. Jinnah” correct=”option2″]

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The Indian States Committee was appointed by the British government in 1927 to investigate the relationship between the Paramount Power (the British Crown) and the Princely States of India, and to suggest measures for their economic and financial relations. It was headed by Sir Harcourt Butler and is therefore famously known as the Butler Committee (1928 is the year it submitted its report, having been appointed in 1927).

– The committee’s main task was to clarify the complex relationship and obligations between the British Crown and the rulers of the Indian Princely States, who were not directly under British Indian administration.
– Its report was submitted in 1928.
– The committee emphasized that paramountcy must remain supreme and that the states should not be transferred without their agreement to a new government in British India responsible to an Indian legislature.

Motilal Nehru chaired the committee that produced the ‘Nehru Report’ in 1928, which drafted a dominion status constitution for India. M.A. Jinnah was a prominent leader of the Muslim League. Ian Copland is a modern historian who has written extensively on the princely states.

104. At the Second Round Table Conference, who among the following led the

At the Second Round Table Conference, who among the following led the FICCI delegation ?

[amp_mcq option1=”J.R.D. Tata” option2=”Homi Mody” option3=”J.L. Bajaj” option4=”G.D. Birla and Thakurdas” correct=”option4″]

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The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) was represented at the Second Round Table Conference held in London in 1931. Prominent Indian industrialists G.D. Birla and Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas were the main delegates representing FICCI at this conference, advocating for Indian commercial interests.

– The Round Table Conferences were a series of conferences held by the British government and Indian political figures to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
– The Second Round Table Conference was attended by Mahatma Gandhi as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress, alongside delegates from various other Indian communities, princely states, and interests, including business.
– FICCI played a significant role in representing the views of Indian capitalists during the freedom struggle.

Ghanshyam Das Birla was a leading businessman and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas was also a prominent figure in the Indian business community and played a key role in FICCI.

105. Which one of the following was not a Shaiva tantric sect ?

Which one of the following was not a Shaiva tantric sect ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Sahajiyas” option2=”Kapalikas” option3=”Kalamukhas” option4=”Nathas” correct=”option1″]

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Sahajiyas are primarily associated with Vaishnavism and Buddhism, emphasizing the concept of Sahaja, the innate or natural state of being, often explored through devotional practices and esoteric rituals. While they might incorporate elements from various traditions, they are not classified as a Shaiva tantric sect in the same way as Kapalikas, Kalamukhas, or Nathas, which are direct branches of Shaivism with distinct tantric practices.

– Kapalikas and Kalamukhas were ascetic Shaiva sects known for their extreme tantric rituals, often involving practices considered outside mainstream norms.
– The Nath tradition is a major Shaiva movement, particularly known for Hatha Yoga and tantric sadhanas aimed at achieving physical immortality and spiritual liberation.
– Sahajiyas belong to a different stream of religious thought, focusing on innate truth and spontaneous expression of devotion or realization, more aligned with certain Tantric Buddhist and Vaishnava traditions.

The question asks which was NOT a Shaiva tantric sect. Kapalikas, Kalamukhas, and Nathas are well-documented historical and contemporary Shaiva tantric traditions or sects. Sahajiyas, while Tantric, are not typically considered a branch of Shaivism.

106. Which one of the following was the main purpose of the Lottery Committ

Which one of the following was the main purpose of the Lottery Committee (1817) formed in Calcutta ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Regulating Club Lotteries” option2=”Drawing lots for military recruitment” option3=”Organizing town planning” option4=”Checking street gambling” correct=”option3″]

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The Lottery Committee was formed in Calcutta in 1817 with the specific purpose of raising funds through public lotteries to finance public works and urban development projects in the city. The funds collected were utilized for town planning activities, including laying roads, improving drainage, constructing public buildings, and enhancing civic amenities.

– The committee was established by the British authorities.
– Funds were generated through a lottery system patronized by both European and Indian residents.
– The resources were directed towards improving the infrastructure and layout of Calcutta.

Prominent citizens, including both Europeans and Indians, were part of the Lottery Committee. Its work contributed significantly to the beautification and modernization of Calcutta in the early 19th century.

107. Which one of the following Indian cities was labelled as ‘Urbs Prima i

Which one of the following Indian cities was labelled as ‘Urbs Prima in Indis’ after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and its links with the world economy ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Bombay” option2=”Madras” option3=”Calcutta” option4=”Surat” correct=”option1″]

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The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 drastically reduced the sea route distance between Europe and India, significantly boosting trade. Bombay (now Mumbai), located on the west coast, became the primary port city and commercial hub benefiting from this increased connectivity with Europe and the global economy. Its transformation and rapid growth led to it being labelled as ‘Urbs Prima in Indis’, meaning ‘First City in India’.

– The Suez Canal facilitated quicker and more direct trade routes between Britain and India.
– Bombay’s strategic location on the west coast made it the principal beneficiary of this trade boost.
– The city experienced rapid economic growth, urbanization, and became a major financial and commercial centre.

While Calcutta was the capital of British India for a long time and a significant port, the opening of the Suez Canal had a more profound and direct impact on Bombay’s rise as the premier trading port on the western coast, solidifying its commercial pre-eminence.

108. Who among the following was the first Viceroy of India under British R

Who among the following was the first Viceroy of India under British Rule ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Lord Dalhousie” option2=”Lord Cornwallis” option3=”Viscount Canning” option4=”Earl of Mayo” correct=”option3″]

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Viscount Canning (later Earl Canning) was the Governor-General of India during the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Following the Mutiny, the British Crown took over direct rule of India from the East India Company through the Government of India Act 1858. Under this Act, the office of Governor-General was replaced by the Viceroy of India, who was the direct representative of the British Crown. Lord Canning, being the incumbent Governor-General, became the first Viceroy of India.

– The title ‘Viceroy’ was introduced after the transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown in 1858.
– The Viceroy acted as the representative of the British monarch in India.
– Lord Canning served as Governor-General from 1856 to 1858 and as the first Viceroy from 1858 to 1862.

Lord Dalhousie was Governor-General before Canning (1848-1856) and is known for the Doctrine of Lapse. Lord Cornwallis served as Governor-General much earlier (1786-1793). Earl of Mayo was a later Viceroy (1869-1872).

109. The Act to make daughters an equal co-heir with the sons was enacted i

The Act to make daughters an equal co-heir with the sons was enacted in :

[amp_mcq option1=”1955″ option2=”1956″ option3=”1961″ option4=”1975″ correct=”option2″]

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The Hindu Succession Act, enacted in 1956, was the primary law that codified the law relating to intestate succession among Hindus. While it did not initially make daughters equal co-heirs with sons in ancestral property (that came later with the 2005 amendment), it was the foundational act that defined inheritance rights within Hindu families, including some rights for daughters where none existed before in certain property types or scenarios. Given the options, 1956 is the year of the main succession act.

– The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, brought about significant changes in the law of succession among Hindus, including granting property rights to women.
– Before this act, succession was largely governed by various schools of Hindu law and local customs, often discriminatory against women.
– The Act of 1956 gave daughters inheritance rights in their father’s separate property (self-acquired property) equal to sons, but not equal co-parcenary rights in ancestral joint family property (which was limited to sons).
– The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, finally made daughters equal co-parceners with sons in ancestral property. However, the question asks about “The Act” implying the original legislation framework.

The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, applied to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists. The 2005 amendment aimed to remove discriminatory provisions and ensure gender equality in property inheritance within Hindu joint families.

110. Which one of the following is related to the ‘Vishakha Guidelines’ ?

Which one of the following is related to the ‘Vishakha Guidelines’ ?

[amp_mcq option1=”Prohibition of child marriage” option2=”Female foeticide” option3=”Sexual harassment of women at workplace” option4=”Prohibition of dowry” correct=”option3″]

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The Vishakha Guidelines are a set of procedural guidelines for dealing with sexual harassment of women in the workplace in India. They were laid down by the Supreme Court of India in 1997 in the landmark Vishakha and others vs State of Rajasthan case.

– The guidelines were formulated by the Supreme Court in the absence of specific legislation on sexual harassment at the workplace.
– They defined sexual harassment and mandated employers to establish complaint mechanisms and take preventive steps.
– These guidelines remained in effect until the passing of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

The Vishakha case was a Public Interest Litigation filed by women’s groups following the gang rape of a social worker in Rajasthan who was working to prevent child marriage. The case highlighted the need for a framework to protect women from sexual harassment in the workplace.