2019

101. Which of the following statements are true of Bahadur Shah I? He suc

Which of the following statements are true of Bahadur Shah I?

  • He succeeded Aurangzeb.
  • He had to fight his brothers for the throne.
  • He reversed many policies of his predecessor.
  • He ordered for the destruction of some temples.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”1, 2 and 3″ option2=”2, 3 and 4″ option3=”2 and 3 only” option4=”1 and 4″ correct=”option1″]

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Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true of Bahadur Shah I.
– Bahadur Shah I (also known as Mu’azzam) was the eldest surviving son of Aurangzeb. He succeeded Aurangzeb to the Mughal throne after his father’s death in 1707.
– Like many Mughal successions, it was marked by a war of succession. Bahadur Shah I had to defeat his brothers, Muhammad Azam Shah (at the Battle of Jajau) and Muhammad Kam Bakhsh (in the Deccan), to secure the throne.
– Bahadur Shah I pursued a policy of compromise and conciliation, which reversed many of Aurangzeb’s stricter policies. He adopted a more tolerant attitude towards the Rajputs and the Marathas, attempting to settle disputes through negotiation rather than conflict. He also tried to pacify the Sikhs.
– Statement 4 is incorrect. While Aurangzeb was known for ordering the destruction of temples, Bahadur Shah I pursued a policy of greater religious tolerance compared to his father and did not order the destruction of temples; rather, he attempted reconciliation with Hindu groups.
Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707 to 1712. His reign is seen as the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire, although he managed to maintain some semblance of authority. His conciliatory policies were aimed at reducing rebellions and consolidating power, but they also reflected the weakening central control.

102. Which of the following statements are true of Shah Alam II? 1. He j

Which of the following statements are true of Shah Alam II?

  • 1. He joined Mir Jafar of Bengal to fight the British.
  • 2. He joined Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh to fight the British.
  • 3. He was defeated by the British.
  • 4. He lived at Allahabad as a pensioner of the British.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”2, 3 and 4″ option2=”1, 2 and 4″ option3=”1, 3 and 4″ option4=”2 and 3 only” correct=”option1″]

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Statements 2, 3, and 4 are true regarding Shah Alam II.
– Shah Alam II (reigned 1760-1788 and 1788-1806) joined forces with Mir Qasim, the deposed Nawab of Bengal, and Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, to form a confederacy against the British East India Company.
– This alliance was defeated by the British forces under Hector Munro at the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
– Following his defeat, Shah Alam II signed the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 with the British. According to this treaty, he granted the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the British East India Company. In return, he was granted territories of Kara and Allahabad and was promised an annual pension, living for several years as a pensioner of the British in Allahabad.
– Statement 1 is incorrect as Mir Jafar was installed as Nawab of Bengal by the British after the Battle of Plassey and was a puppet ruler; he did not ally with Shah Alam II against the British in 1764.
The Battle of Buxar was a crucial turning point in Indian history, firmly establishing the British East India Company’s dominance in Bengal and opening the way for their eventual control over much of the Indian subcontinent. Shah Alam II’s status was reduced to that of a titular head dependent on the British.

103. The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) of 1953 was consisted of

The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) of 1953 was consisted of

[amp_mcq option1=”S. K. Dar, Justice Fazal Ali and K. M. Panikkar” option2=”Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, K. M. Panikkar and S. K. Dar” option3=”Justice Fazal Ali, Hridaynath Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar” option4=”K. M. Panikkar, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Justice Fazal Ali” correct=”option3″]

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The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) was appointed by the Indian government in December 1953 to examine the question of reorganizing the states of India on linguistic lines. The Commission consisted of three members: Justice Fazal Ali as the Chairman, and Sardar K. M. Panikkar and Pandit Hridaynath Kunzru as members. The commission submitted its report in 1955, leading to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, which reorganized states and union territories.
– The SRC was established in 1953.
– Its main task was to recommend state reorganization based on linguistic principles.
– The three members were Justice Fazal Ali (Chairman), K. M. Panikkar, and Hridaynath Kunzru.
Prior to the SRC, the Dhar Commission (1948) and the JVP Committee (Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya – 1948) had also examined the linguistic basis for state reorganization but were hesitant to fully endorse it initially. The SRC report provided a detailed framework that largely shaped the political map of modern India. S. K. Dar was the head of the 1948 Linguistic Provinces Commission (Dhar Commission), not the 1953 SRC. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was instrumental in integrating the princely states but was not a member of the 1953 SRC.

104. Aurangzeb had compiled the greatest digest of Islamic Law called

Aurangzeb had compiled the greatest digest of Islamic Law called

[amp_mcq option1=”Fatawa-i-Alamgiri” option2=”Fatawa-i-Jahandari” option3=”Miraz-i-Mughals” option4=”Fatah-i-Saltan” correct=”option1″]

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Aurangzeb (reigned 1658-1707) commissioned the compilation of a comprehensive legal code based on Islamic law (Sharia), specifically following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which was prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. This massive work, compiled by several hundred Islamic scholars over years, was named Fatawa-i-Alamgiri (Decrees of Alamgir), after Aurangzeb’s regnal title ‘Alamgir’. It became a standard legal reference in Mughal India.
– Compiled during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb.
– It is a comprehensive digest of Islamic law.
– Based on the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.
– Named after Aurangzeb’s title, ‘Alamgir’.
The Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was a monumental effort aimed at providing a standardized legal framework for the administration of justice in the Mughal Empire according to the prevailing Islamic legal tradition. It served as the main legal authority in British India until the enactment of modern codes like the Indian Penal Code. Fatawa-i-Jahandari is a historical and political treatise written by Ziauddin Barani during the Delhi Sultanate period, not a legal digest compiled by Aurangzeb.

105. Who was the founder of Brahma Samaj of India?

Who was the founder of Brahma Samaj of India?

[amp_mcq option1=”Raja Ram Mohan Roy” option2=”Debendranath Tagore” option3=”Keshab Chandra Sen” option4=”Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar” correct=”option3″]

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The original Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828. After his death, Debendranath Tagore led the movement. However, a major split occurred in 1866 primarily due to ideological differences and disputes over social reforms, particularly regarding caste and inter-caste marriage. Keshab Chandra Sen and his followers established a new organization called the “Brahmo Samaj of India” (Brahmo Samaj of Keshub Chandra Sen), while Debendranath Tagore’s group became known as the “Adi Brahmo Samaj” (Original Brahmo Samaj). Therefore, Keshab Chandra Sen was the founder of the “Brahma Samaj of India”.
– Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Sabha (later Brahmo Samaj) in 1828.
– Debendranath Tagore led the movement after Roy.
– A split occurred in 1866.
– Keshab Chandra Sen founded the “Brahmo Samaj of India” after the 1866 split.
The split led to two distinct branches. Later, another split occurred in Keshab Chandra Sen’s group (in 1878), leading to the formation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj by younger members who opposed some of Keshab Chandra Sen’s actions, such as the marriage of his underage daughter. Thus, the Brahmo movement fragmented over time.

106. The Indian Universities Commission appointed by Lord Curzon in 1902 wa

The Indian Universities Commission appointed by Lord Curzon in 1902 was headed by

[amp_mcq option1=”Sir William Hunter” option2=”Sir Thomas Raleigh” option3=”Lord Haldane” option4=”Dr. Michael Sadler” correct=”option2″]

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Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India (1899-1905), appointed the Indian Universities Commission in 1902. This commission was constituted to inquire into the conditions and prospects of the universities established in British India and to suggest measures for improving their constitution and working. The commission was headed by Sir Thomas Raleigh, who was then the Law Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
– The commission was appointed in 1902 by Lord Curzon.
– Its purpose was to inquire into Indian universities and suggest reforms.
– The chairman of the commission was Sir Thomas Raleigh.
Based on the recommendations of the Raleigh Commission, the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed. This Act aimed to reform the administration and governance of universities, increase governmental control, and shift focus towards teaching and research rather than merely conducting examinations. Other commissions mentioned are related to education but were headed by different individuals: Hunter Commission (1882) by Sir William Hunter and Sadler Commission (1917) by Dr. Michael Sadler.

107. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List-I
(Convention)		List-II
(Primarily related to)
A. Basel Convention1. Organic pollutants
B. Rotterdam Convention2. Mercury
C. Stockholm Convention3. Hazardous wastes
D. Minamata Convention4. Pesticides

[amp_mcq option1=”A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2″ option2=”A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3″ option3=”A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2″ option4=”A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3″ correct=”option3″]

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Let’s match the Conventions with their primary focus:
– Basel Convention: Adopted in 1989, it controls transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. Matches with ‘Hazardous wastes’ (3).
– Rotterdam Convention: Adopted in 1998, it established the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade. Matches with ‘Pesticides’ (4) and hazardous chemicals.
– Stockholm Convention: Adopted in 2001, it is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Matches with ‘Organic pollutants’ (specifically POPs) (1).
– Minamata Convention: Adopted in 2013, it is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury. Matches with ‘Mercury’ (2).
The correct matching is A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.
– Basel Convention: Hazardous waste movement.
– Rotterdam Convention: Prior Informed Consent for chemicals/pesticides.
– Stockholm Convention: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
– Minamata Convention: Mercury pollution.
These conventions are key international environmental agreements aimed at regulating dangerous substances and waste to protect global health and ecosystems. The Rotterdam Convention covers a broad range of hazardous chemicals and pesticides, but ‘Pesticides’ is the most fitting primary focus among the given options for B.

108. Which one of the following is the largest country of Europe in terms o

Which one of the following is the largest country of Europe in terms of area?

[amp_mcq option1=”Spain” option2=”Portugal” option3=”Germany” option4=”France” correct=”option4″]

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Among the given options, France is the largest country in terms of area. Metropolitan France has an area of approximately 551,695 square kilometers. If overseas departments and territories are included, the total area is significantly larger, around 643,801 square kilometers. Spain is the second largest among the options (approx. 505,992 km²), followed by Germany (approx. 357,022 km²) and then Portugal (approx. 92,212 km²).
– Area of France (Metropolitan): ~551,700 km².
– Area of Spain: ~506,000 km².
– Area of Germany: ~357,000 km².
– Area of Portugal: ~92,200 km².
– France is the largest among the listed countries.
It’s important to note that the largest country *in Europe* by area is Russia (European part), followed by Ukraine (if considering countries entirely within Europe excluding Russia). However, among the specific options provided, France is the largest.

109. Which one of the following observations regarding rivers is not made b

Which one of the following observations regarding rivers is not made by the Central Water Commission operating through its network of hydro-meteorological stations?

[amp_mcq option1=”Water level (gauge)” option2=”Silt” option3=”Water quality” option4=”Shifting in river channel” correct=”option4″]

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The Central Water Commission (CWC) operates a network of hydro-meteorological stations primarily for monitoring river behavior in terms of water quantity and quality. Routine observations from these stations typically include Water Level (Gauge), Silt content (Sediment load), and Water Quality parameters. While CWC may conduct specific studies on river morphology and channel changes, “Shifting in river channel” is generally not a parameter for routine, continuous observation from fixed hydro-meteorological stations in the same way as gauge, silt, or water quality.
– CWC monitors key river parameters through hydro-meteorological stations.
– Standard routine observations include water level, silt/sediment load, and water quality.
– Shifting of the entire river channel is a larger geomorphological process, less amenable to continuous monitoring from a fixed station.
CWC’s mandate includes planning and coordination for water resources development and management, flood forecasting, and monitoring. Data collected from hydro-meteorological stations are crucial for flood forecasting, water management, and planning. While river morphology is studied, especially in the context of river training and flood control works, routine data collection focuses on the properties and flow of water itself at specific points.

110. Which one of the following countries does not experience Mediterranean

Which one of the following countries does not experience Mediterranean climate?

[amp_mcq option1=”Syria” option2=”Jordan” option3=”Lebanon” option4=”Israel” correct=”option2″]

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Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. While Syria, Lebanon, and Israel are located on the eastern Mediterranean coast and experience variations of this climate, Jordan’s climate is predominantly arid to semi-arid, lacking the characteristic wet winters of the Mediterranean climate in most parts of the country. Only a small northwestern tip bordering Israel and Syria might have some marginal Mediterranean influence.
– Mediterranean climate is marked by dry summers and wet winters.
– Countries directly bordering the Mediterranean Sea often experience this climate.
– Syria, Lebanon, and Israel have significant areas with Mediterranean climate influence.
– Jordan’s climate is mainly arid or semi-arid.
Countries that experience Mediterranean climate include those around the Mediterranean Sea (e.g., Italy, Greece, parts of Turkey, coastal areas of North Africa, coastal Spain, southern France), coastal California, central Chile, the Cape Region of South Africa, and parts of southwestern and southern Australia. The eastern Mediterranean coastal strip shared by Syria, Lebanon, and Israel falls within this zone. Jordan is mostly an inland country lying to the east of this coastal zone, placing it in a more desert or steppe climate zone.
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