2011

11. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? 1. Jamnalal Bajaj

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
1. Jamnalal Bajaj : Satyagraha Ashram
2. Dadabhai Naoroji : Bombay Association
3. Syed Ahmed Khan : MAO College
4. Lala Lajpat Rai : Anusilan Samiti
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2 and 3
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The correct answer is D because pairs 1, 2, and 3 are correctly matched.
– Jamnalal Bajaj was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and founded the Satyagraha Ashram at Wardha, which was functionally linked to the Sabarmati Ashram.
– Dadabhai Naoroji was one of the founders of the Bombay Association in 1852, one of the early political associations in India.
– Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University.
– Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent nationalist leader associated with the Arya Samaj, the Indian National Congress (Extremist faction), and the Punjab National Bank. The Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization based primarily in Bengal.
The Bombay Association was the first political association in the Bombay Presidency. The Anushilan Samiti was one of the most prominent revolutionary groups operating in the early 20th century, known for its militant activities against British rule.

12. Which one among the following pairs is not correctly matched?

Which one among the following pairs is not correctly matched?

Lord Wellesley : Subsidiary Alliance
Lord William Bentinck : English Education
Warren Hastings : Local Self Government
Lord Lytton : Vernacular Press Act
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A) Lord Wellesley (Governor-General 1798-1805) is correctly associated with the Subsidiary Alliance system, which was a key instrument for expanding British control over Indian states.
B) Lord William Bentinck (Governor-General 1828-1835) is correctly associated with the introduction of English education. Under his tenure, following Macaulay’s Minute, English was made the medium of instruction for higher education in 1835.
C) Warren Hastings (Governor-General 1772-1785) is incorrectly associated with Local Self-Government. The significant development towards Local Self-Government in British India is credited to Lord Ripon (Viceroy 1880-1884), particularly with his Resolution of 1882, which aimed at developing municipal institutions. Warren Hastings’ era was much earlier and focused on establishing initial administrative frameworks and consolidating British power.
D) Lord Lytton (Viceroy 1876-1880) is correctly associated with the Vernacular Press Act of 1878, which was enacted to muzzle the vernacular press in India.
This question tests knowledge about significant reforms and policies introduced by various British Governors-General and Viceroys in India. Pairing the correct official with the key event or policy is crucial.
Lord Ripon is often called the ‘Father of Local Self-Government in India’ due to his efforts to empower local bodies like municipalities and district boards. Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General of Bengal and played a crucial role in the early consolidation of British power after the Battle of Plassey.

13. If a healthy freshwater fish is placed in saltwater, the fish

If a healthy freshwater fish is placed in saltwater, the fish

becomes dehydrated and dies
becomes bloated and dies
suffers from microbial infection and dies
experiences no problem
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Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment, meaning the concentration of solutes in the surrounding water is lower than in their body fluids. Water constantly enters their body by osmosis, and salts are lost. Freshwater fish deal with this by drinking very little water, actively absorbing salts through their gills, and excreting large amounts of dilute urine.
When a healthy freshwater fish is placed in saltwater, it moves into a hypertonic environment, where the solute concentration outside is much higher than inside its body. This causes water to move *out* of the fish’s body into the surrounding saltwater by osmosis. This leads to rapid dehydration of the fish’s tissues and organs. The fish cannot osmoregulate effectively in this environment and will become dehydrated and eventually die.
Osmosis causes water to move from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Freshwater fish are adapted to prevent water intake and conserve salts; saltwater fish are adapted to conserve water and excrete excess salts. Moving a fish from its native environment to one with significantly different salinity disrupts its osmoregulatory balance.
Marine fish, in contrast, live in a hypertonic environment. They tend to lose water and gain salts. They deal with this by drinking large amounts of saltwater, actively excreting excess salts through their gills and kidneys, and producing small amounts of concentrated urine. Euryhaline fish, such as salmon, are adapted to survive in both freshwater and saltwater environments by changing their osmoregulatory mechanisms.

14. A camel adapts easily in a desert due to:

A camel adapts easily in a desert due to:

hump with stored food as fats
water cells in stomach to store metabolic water
nucleated Red Blood Cells
hair growth near eyes and nostrils
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A camel adapts easily in a desert due to several physiological and structural adaptations. Let’s evaluate the options:
A) hump with stored food as fats: Correct. The hump stores large amounts of fat. Metabolizing this fat provides energy and also produces metabolic water. This fat storage also helps insulate the body, reducing heat absorption.
B) water cells in stomach to store metabolic water: Incorrect. Camels do not store water in special stomach cells in this manner. While they are efficient at conserving water and can tolerate significant dehydration, their water is stored mainly in the bloodstream and tissues. Metabolic water is produced from the metabolism of fats (as in A), not stored directly in “water cells” in the stomach.
C) nucleated Red Blood Cells: Correct. Camel RBCs are oval and nucleated, which helps them flow even when blood is thickened during dehydration. They can also swell significantly when the camel rehydrates without bursting, unlike typical mammalian RBCs. This is a crucial adaptation for managing hydration.
D) hair growth near eyes and nostrils: Correct. Long eyelashes and hair in the nostrils are effective physical barriers that protect the eyes and respiratory passages from sandstorms.
Given that multiple options (A, C, D) describe actual adaptations, and the question asks for “a camel adapts easily in a desert due to”, implying selecting a correct reason from the list, and considering it’s an MCQ with a single correct answer format, there might be an intended “primary” adaptation or the most popularly known one. Option B is factually incorrect. Options A, C, and D are correct adaptations. However, if forced to choose one from A, C, D as the single best answer representing overall adaptation ‘easily’, it’s challenging. But since the provided answer is A, we mark A as correct. It’s possible the question intends to highlight the energy/water reserve aspect (A).
Camels possess several key adaptations for desert life, including fat storage in the hump for energy and metabolic water, tolerance to dehydration facilitated by specialized RBCs, efficient water conservation, and physical protection from sand and heat. Option B is factually incorrect.
Other camel adaptations include thick padded feet for walking on sand, tough mouth lining for eating thorny plants, and the ability to regulate body temperature over a wide range.

15. If it is false that ‘no person can operate an industrial plant for the

If it is false that ‘no person can operate an industrial plant for the purpose of any scheduled industry in an air pollution control area without the prior consent of the State Board’, then, which of the following may be validly inferred?

Some persons obtained the consent of the State Board but did not run a plant as industry in an air pollution control area
Someone did not obtain the consent of the State Board but ran a plant commercially in an air pollution control area
The State Board is the only authority to give authorization for opening industry in restricted air pollution control area
Some areas are under the jurisdiction of the State Board
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The statement given is “no person can operate an industrial plant for the purpose of any scheduled industry in an air pollution control area without the prior consent of the State Board”. This can be rephrased as “For any person, if they operate an industrial plant for a scheduled industry in an air pollution control area, then they must have the prior consent of the State Board.” Or, in categorical terms, “All persons operating X require Y”, where X = “an industrial plant for a scheduled industry in an air pollution control area” and Y = “prior consent of the State Board”.
The question states that this statement is FALSE. The negation of a universal affirmative statement (“All A are B”) is a particular negative statement (“Some A are not B”).
So, the negation of “All persons operating X require Y” is “Some persons operating X do NOT require Y”.
Let’s apply this to the original terms: “Some persons operating an industrial plant for a scheduled industry in an air pollution control area do not have the prior consent of the State Board”. This implies that there exists at least one person who is operating such a plant in such an area but did not obtain the required consent.
Looking at the options:
A) Some persons obtained the consent of the State Board but did not run a plant… This describes people who got consent but didn’t operate. The negation deals with people who *are operating* but *didn’t get consent*.
B) Someone did not obtain the consent of the State Board but ran a plant commercially in an air pollution control area. This matches the negation directly. “Someone” means “Some person”, “did not obtain the consent” matches “do not have the prior consent”, and “ran a plant commercially in an air pollution control area” matches “operating an industrial plant for a scheduled industry in an air pollution control area”.
C) The State Board is the only authority… This goes beyond the scope of the original statement, which only mentions obtaining consent *from* the State Board, not that they are the sole authority.
D) Some areas are under the jurisdiction of the State Board. The original statement implies the existence of such areas and the Board’s authority over them, but the *negation* of the specific rule does not necessarily *infer* the existence of these areas. The negation focuses on a violation of the rule.
Therefore, the only valid inference from the falsity of the original statement is that there are persons operating without consent, as described in option B.
The negation of a universal affirmative statement (All A are B) is a particular negative statement (Some A are not B). If the original statement is false, its negation is true.
This question tests the understanding of basic propositional logic, specifically the relationship between a universal statement and its negation (contradictory). In law and regulation, understanding the precise meaning and negation of rules is critical.

16. If it is true that ‘all pollutants are harmful’, identify which of the

If it is true that ‘all pollutants are harmful’, identify which of the following is invalid to infer from it?

Pollutants constitute a subset of harmful things
No pollutants are non-harmful
If anything is harmful, it is a pollutant
Some pollutants are harmful
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The given statement is “all pollutants are harmful”. This is a universal affirmative statement (All P are H, where P=Pollutants, H=Harmful). We need to identify which inference is invalid.
A) Pollutants constitute a subset of harmful things: This means every pollutant is a harmful thing, which is exactly what “all pollutants are harmful” means. This is a valid inference.
B) No pollutants are non-harmful: This means that it is not the case that some pollutants are not harmful, which implies all pollutants are harmful. This is the obversion of the original statement and is a valid inference.
C) If anything is harmful, it is a pollutant: This means “all harmful things are pollutants” (All H are P). This is the converse of the original statement “All P are H”. The converse of a universal affirmative statement is not necessarily true. For example, fire might be harmful, but it is not typically classified as a pollutant in the same category as, say, smoke or chemicals. This is an invalid inference.
D) Some pollutants are harmful: This is a particular affirmative statement (Some P are H). If “All P are H” is true (assuming there are pollutants), then “Some P are H” must also be true. This is a valid inference by subalternation.
Understanding logical inferences from universal affirmative statements (All A are B). Valid inferences include obversion (No A are non-B) and subalternation (Some A are B). The converse (All B are A) and inverse (All non-A are non-B) are generally not valid inferences.
In formal logic, this relates to the square of opposition and immediate inferences. The truth of a universal statement (All A are B) guarantees the truth of its subaltern (Some A are B) and its obverse (No A are non-B), but not necessarily its converse (All B are A) or contrapositive (All non-B are non-A), though the contrapositive IS valid if the original statement is true. In this case, the converse (C) is requested as the invalid inference.

17. Which one among the following statements regarding Satavahanas is NOT

Which one among the following statements regarding Satavahanas is NOT correct?

The Satavahanas are identified with the Andhras of the Puranas
The Satavahanas claimed Brahmana descent and followed Brahmanical Vedic tradition
Satavahanas and Shakas were involved in prolonged conflict
Vasishthiputra Satakarni defeated Shaka ruler Rudradaman I
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A) The Satavahanas are indeed identified with the Andhras mentioned in the Puranas, who ruled over the Deccan region. This statement is correct.
B) Some Satavahana rulers, notably Gautamiputra Satakarni, claimed to be Brahmanas (Ekabamhana) and performed Vedic sacrifices like Ashvamedha, indicating they followed and patronized Brahmanical Vedic traditions. This statement is correct.
C) The Satavahanas were engaged in prolonged conflicts with the Western Kshatrapas (Shakas), particularly over the control of fertile regions and trade routes, such as those in Malwa and Gujarat. This statement is correct.
D) According to the Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I, the Shaka ruler Rudradaman I defeated the lord of Dakshinapatha (identified with Vashishthiputra Pulamavi, a Satavahana ruler) twice, but did not destroy him due to a matrimonial alliance. This indicates that Rudradaman I defeated the Satavahana ruler, not the other way around. Therefore, the statement that Vasishthiputra Satakarni defeated Shaka ruler Rudradaman I is incorrect.
The Satavahanas ruled in the Deccan region for several centuries. They were patrons of both Brahmanism and Buddhism, engaged in conflicts with the Shakas, and controlled important trade routes. Matrimonial alliances were sometimes used to resolve conflicts with rivals.
The most famous Satavahana ruler was Gautamiputra Satakarni. Important sources of information about the Satavahanas include Puranas, inscriptions (like the Nasik Prasasti of Gautami Balashri and the Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I), coins, and literary works.

18. Which of the following statements about Sufism is/are correct? 1. Sufi

Which of the following statements about Sufism is/are correct?
1. Sufism was the mystical interpretation that developed within Islam.
2. Sufi philosophy highlighted the atmosphere of religious tolerance by speaking about the universal love in quest of the Almighty.
3. The Sufis developed a very complex philosophy and initiated very complicated practices unintelligible to the masses.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 and 2
2 only
3 only
1 and 3
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UPSC CAPF – 2011
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Statement 1 is correct. Sufism is widely recognized as the mystical and ascetic dimension of Islam, focusing on the inner spiritual path to attain closeness with God.
Statement 2 is correct. Sufi philosophy emphasizes universal love, compassion, and tolerance, often transcending sectarian boundaries. Sufis sought a personal, devotional relationship with the Divine, which fostered an atmosphere of religious tolerance and appealed to people of different faiths.
Statement 3 is incorrect. While Sufism does involve complex philosophical ideas and meditative practices, many aspects of Sufism, such as devotional music (Qawwali), stories of saints, and participation in Urs (death anniversary) festivals, were accessible and popular among the masses. The core message of love and devotion was simple and widely understood. Sufis often used local languages and cultural elements to connect with common people.
Sufism is the mystical dimension of Islam that emphasizes inner purity, devotion, and achieving spiritual union with God through love and personal experience. It played a significant role in bridging religious divides and spreading Islam through peaceful means and cultural synthesis in various parts of the world, including India.
Important Sufi orders (Silsilas) in India include the Chishtis, Suhrawardis, Qadiris, and Naqshbandis. Sufi shrines (Dargahs) became centres of pilgrimage and cultural interaction.

19. Who among the following was not a painter in the Mughal period ?

Who among the following was not a painter in the Mughal period ?

Mir Sayyid Ali
Abdus Samad
Bishan Das
Baz Bahadur
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Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad were two of the most prominent Persian painters brought to India by Emperor Humayun and who continued to work under Emperor Akbar, significantly influencing the development of Mughal miniature painting. Bishan Das was a renowned portrait painter during the reign of Emperor Jahangir, known for his realistic depictions. Baz Bahadur, on the other hand, was the Sultan of Malwa in the 16th century, famous for his love of music and his romantic association with Roopmati. He was not known to be a painter.
Mughal painting flourished under emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, who patronized numerous artists. Famous Mughal painters included Mir Sayyid Ali, Abdus Samad, Daswant, Basawan, Mansur, Bishan Das, and others.
Mughal painting is characterized by its fusion of Persian miniature painting traditions with indigenous Indian styles, resulting in a unique blend. It often depicted court life, historical events, portraits, nature, and illustrations of Persian and Indian literary works.

20. Which of the following statements regarding Home Rule Leagues in India

Which of the following statements regarding Home Rule Leagues in India are correct ?

  • 1. The movement was led by the moderate Congress leaders.
  • 2. There were two Home Rule Leagues.
  • 3. The movement became strong, because other mass agitations could not be launched by the Congress during the World War.
  • 4. The government was non-reactive to the movement.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1, 2 and 3
2, 3 and 4
1 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
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Statement 1 is incorrect. The Home Rule Leagues were primarily led by prominent nationalist leaders often associated with the ‘extremist’ faction, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, although they sought the cooperation of moderates.
Statement 2 is correct. There were two main Home Rule Leagues founded in India during this period: the Indian Home Rule League founded by Tilak in April 1916 and the All India Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant in September 1916.
Statement 3 is correct. The Home Rule movement gained momentum during World War I (1914-1918) as major Congress leaders decided not to launch large-scale agitations while the war was ongoing. This created a political vacuum that the Home Rule Leagues effectively filled by mobilizing public opinion for self-government.
Statement 4 is incorrect. The British government was not non-reactive. It took repressive measures against the Home Rule movement, including the arrest of Annie Besant and her associates in June 1917, which further intensified the movement and led to widespread protests.
The Home Rule Movement was a significant phase of the Indian national movement that demanded self-government (Home Rule) for India. It was characterized by the establishment of two leagues led by Tilak and Besant and occurred during World War I.
The Home Rule Movement used methods like public meetings, propaganda, and organized campaigns to popularize the demand for self-government. It helped in reviving the political activity that had slowed down after the Surat Split and during the early years of WWI, and also integrated moderate and extremist factions of the Congress to some extent.
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