2010

31. Consider the following statements : 1. Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama

Consider the following statements :

  • 1. Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama are important illustrated Mughal histories.
  • 2. While Akbar Nama was written by Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshah Nama was authored by Abu’l Fazl.
  • 3. The Akbar Nama is divided into three books, of which the third book is the Ain-i-Akbari.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

1 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
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Statement 1 is correct: Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama are indeed important illustrated Mughal court chronicles.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Akbar Nama was written by Abu’l Fazl, while Badshah Nama was primarily authored by Abdul Hamid Lahori (among others) as the official history of Shah Jahan’s reign.
Statement 3 is correct: Akbar Nama is structured into three volumes. The first volume deals with Akbar’s ancestors, the second with events of Akbar’s reign up to the 46th regnal year, and the third volume is the Ain-i-Akbari, which details the administration, geography, society, and economy of the Mughal empire under Akbar.
Therefore, statements 1 and 3 are correct.
Mughal chronicles like Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama are valuable sources for understanding the political history, administrative structure, court life, and social conditions of the Mughal Empire. They were often lavishly illustrated, providing visual insights into the period.
Abu’l Fazl was one of Akbar’s most important courtiers and official historian. Badshah Nama, commissioned by Shah Jahan, follows the style of Akbar Nama. Other authors contributed to Badshah Nama besides Abdul Hamid Lahori, such as Muhammad Waris.

32. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :

List-I (Classification of land under Akbar) List-II (Explanation)
A. Polaj 1. Uncultivated for five years and more
B. Parauti 2. Lain fallow for three or four years
C. Chachar 3. Left out of cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength
D. Banjar 4. Annually cultivated for each crop in succession and never allowed to lie fallow
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
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The classification of land under Akbar’s revenue system (specifically, the reforms associated with Todar Mal) was based on the frequency of cultivation to determine the productivity and thus the revenue rate. The correct matching is:
A. Polaj: Land annually cultivated for each crop in succession and never allowed to lie fallow (4).
B. Parauti: Land left out of cultivation for a time (a year or two) that it may recover its strength (3).
C. Chachar: Land left fallow for three or four years (2).
D. Banjar: Land uncultivated for five years and more (1).
This matches option B: A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.
This classification was crucial for determining the average produce and setting a fixed revenue rate for each category of land over a period (usually ten years under the Dahsala system), ensuring fairness based on the land’s capacity.
The revenue rates varied according to the land classification. Polaj and Parauti lands paid revenue every year, while Chachar and Banjar lands paid progressively lower rates until they were brought back into full cultivation. The revenue was often collected in cash, based on the average yield and prices over the preceding years.

33. Patta was a written agreement between the :

Patta was a written agreement between the :

peasant and zamindars providing a record of the amount of rent.
peasants and the state.
zamindars and the state.
peasants and zamindars regarding cesses to be paid except rent.
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A Patta (or Pottah) was a written document or lease issued by the zamindar to the peasant (ryot) under systems like the Permanent Settlement. It was intended to be a record of the terms under which the land was held, specifically mentioning the area of land, the amount of rent payable by the peasant to the zamindar, and sometimes other conditions. It served as a kind of tenancy agreement.
The issuance of pattas was intended to protect peasants from arbitrary demands by providing a clear record of their rental obligations. However, in practice, zamindars often failed to issue proper pattas, or issued unfair ones, making it difficult for peasants to challenge excessive demands or evictions.
The counterpart document to the Patta, which the zamindar received from the ryot acknowledging the agreement and promising to pay the rent, was called a Qabuliyat (acceptance).

34. Before the permanent settlement the peasants enjoyed :

Before the permanent settlement the peasants enjoyed :

customary occupancy rights.
only tenancy rights.
high rent demands.
revenue collecting rights.
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Before the formalization of land rights under systems like the Permanent Settlement, peasants often held customary rights, including occupancy rights (sometimes referred to as ryoti rights), which allowed them to cultivate the land as long as they paid their share of revenue/rent. These rights were based on tradition and long-standing practice, though they varied regionally and could be precarious depending on the ruling authority. The Permanent Settlement often undermined or abolished these traditional customary rights by vesting full ownership in the zamindars.
Pre-colonial agrarian systems often recognized the cultivator’s right to the land they tilled, contingent upon payment of revenue. The state claimed a share of the produce (revenue), but the cultivator usually retained hereditary occupancy rights.
The Permanent Settlement, by making zamindars owners and elevating their status, often reduced the peasants to mere tenants-at-will, losing their traditional security of tenure and customary rights enjoyed prior to the formalization of the zamindari system under the British.

35. According to the passage, the permanent settlement vested :

According to the passage, the permanent settlement vested :

revenue collecting rights to zamindars.
land ownership rights to the state.
land ownership rights to zamindars.
customary rights to peasants.
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According to the Permanent Settlement, introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793, the zamindars were recognized as the proprietors or owners of the land. They were given ownership rights, which were heritable and transferable, in contrast to their previous position which was often that of revenue collectors or intermediaries with more limited rights.
The Permanent Settlement established a fixed revenue demand that zamindars had to pay to the state, irrespective of the actual collection from the peasants. Failure to pay the fixed amount by the sunset date (Sunset Law) led to the auctioning of the zamindari. This system aimed to ensure a stable revenue for the company and create a loyal class of landowners.
While the zamindars were granted land ownership rights, the rights of the actual cultivators (ryots) were not clearly defined and were often neglected, leading to their exploitation by the zamindars through arbitrary rent increases and evictions. The Permanent Settlement was primarily implemented in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

36. Which one among the following is not correct about the Subsidiary Alli

Which one among the following is not correct about the Subsidiary Alliance ?

It was formulated by Wellesley
British army was posted in the subsidiary state
It did not recognize an adopted heir to a subsidiary state
A British Resident was posted in the subsidiary state
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Option C is incorrect about the Subsidiary Alliance. The Subsidiary Alliance system, formulated by Lord Wellesley, did not deal with the issue of succession or the recognition of adopted heirs. This was a feature of the Doctrine of Lapse, introduced later by Lord Dalhousie, which stated that if a ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, the state would be annexed by the British, and adopted heirs were generally not recognized. The Subsidiary Alliance focused on bringing Indian states under British control regarding foreign policy, defence, and internal administration via a Resident.
The Subsidiary Alliance system required Indian states to accept a permanent British force within their territory, pay for its maintenance, surrender their external relations to the British, and accept a British Resident at their court. In return, the British promised protection against external enemies.
Lord Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance system extensively to expand British influence in India. Key states that accepted the alliance included Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Oudh (1801), and the Maratha Peshwa (1802). The system effectively stripped the Indian rulers of their sovereignty and brought them under British control.

37. Which one of the following temple complexes of India does not represen

Which one of the following temple complexes of India does not represent the typical Nagara style ?

Tigawa, Madhya Pradesh
Nachna, Rajasthan
Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh
Mammalapuram, Tamil Nadu
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The correct option is D) Mammalapuram, Tamil Nadu.
The temple complexes at Mammalapuram (Mahabalipuram) in Tamil Nadu were built by the Pallava dynasty and are prime examples of Dravidian style architecture. The Dravidian style is distinct from the Nagara style (Northern Indian style) primarily characterized by its vimana (pyramidal tower over the sanctum), large temple complexes with gopurams (gateway towers), mandapas, and water tanks.
Tigawa (Kankali Devi Temple), Nachna (Parvati Temple), and Deogarh (Dashavatara Temple) are all sites featuring temples from the Gupta period (4th-6th centuries CE) which are considered early examples or transitional forms of the Nagara style of temple architecture in North India.

38. Which one of the following can be considered as an initial warning of

Which one of the following can be considered as an initial warning of an approaching Tsunami ?

Thundering noise
Squally winds and rainfall
Rapid withdrawal of water away from the beach
Rapid landward movement of water
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The correct option is C) Rapid withdrawal of water away from the beach.
The most common natural warning sign of an approaching tsunami, particularly for the first wave, is a sudden and significant recession of the sea from the coastline, exposing the seabed. This happens because the trough (low point) of the tsunami wave often reaches the shore before the crest (high point). This is an immediate signal that a large wave is approaching and coastal areas should be evacuated.
A thundering noise can sometimes be heard as the tsunami wave breaks, but the water receding is often the first visible sign. Squally winds and rainfall are associated with meteorological phenomena like cyclones, not tsunamis which are primarily caused by underwater geological events. Rapid landward movement of water *is* the tsunami arriving, not a warning beforehand.

39. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ? Tropical C

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?

Tropical Cyclone Location
(a) Hurricane Australia
(b) Willy-Willy Japan
(c) Baguio Philippines
(d) Taifu North Atlantic
Hurricane Australia
Willy-Willy Japan
Baguio Philippines
Taifu North Atlantic
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The correct option is C) Baguio Philippines.
Tropical cyclones are given different regional names:
– **Hurricane:** Used in the North Atlantic Ocean, Northeast Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line.
– **Willy-Willy:** Used in the region of Northwest Australia.
– **Baguio:** The local name for a tropical cyclone in the Philippines.
– **Taifu (Typhoon):** Used in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line (affecting East Asia including Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China, Philippines).
Based on these definitions, the pair “Baguio Philippines” is correctly matched.
Although Baguio is the local name in the Philippines, the storms are technically typhoons as per the international nomenclature for that region of the Northwest Pacific. However, “Baguio” is widely associated with cyclones affecting the Philippines. Willy-willy is specific to NW Australia. Taifu (Typhoon) affects a broader region of NW Pacific, not just Japan. Hurricanes are specifically Atlantic/NE Pacific.

40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :

List-I List-II
A. Isobars 1. Lines of equal time
B. Isohels 2. Lines of equal pressure
C. Isochrones 3. Lines of equal salinity
4. Lines of equal duration of sun-light

Code :

A B C
(a) 1 2 4
(b) 2 4 3
(c) 2 4 1
(d) 1 2 3
1 2 4
2 4 3
2 4 1
1 2 3
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The correct option is C) 2 4 1.
– **Isobars:** Lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure on a weather map. (Match with 2)
– **Isohels:** Lines connecting points that receive equal amounts of sunshine duration over a given period. (Match with 4)
– **Isochrones:** Lines connecting points where a phenomenon occurs simultaneously or which are reached at the same time (e.g., lines of equal travel time from a specific point). (Match with 1)
– Lines of equal salinity are called isohalines (Option 3).
Iso- lines (or isolines) are graphical representations used on maps and charts to connect points of equal value for a specific variable. Examples include isotherms (equal temperature), isohyets (equal rainfall), isobaths (equal depth of water), contours (equal altitude), etc.
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