The correct answer is D. All of these.
Standard costing is a method of accounting that uses pre-determined costs to compare actual costs and identify variances. It is widely used in process and engineering industries, jobbing industries, and the construction industry.
In process and engineering industries, standard costing is used to control costs and improve efficiency. Standard costs are set for each input, such as labor, materials, and overhead, and then actual costs are compared to the standards to identify variances. These variances can then be analyzed to determine the root cause and take corrective action.
In jobbing industries, standard costing is used to estimate costs for jobs. Standard costs are set for each type of job, and then actual costs are compared to the standards to estimate the profitability of each job.
In the construction industry, standard costing is used to estimate costs for projects. Standard costs are set for each type of work, and then actual costs are compared to the standards to estimate the profitability of each project.
Standard costing is a valuable tool for controlling costs and improving efficiency in a variety of industries.