Stand Alone XBlS machines at airports commonly work on the principle

Stand Alone XBlS machines at airports commonly work on the principle of

ion mobility spectrometry

gas chromatography

backscatter technology

electromagnetic radiation

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UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2019

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XBIS (X-ray Baggage Inspection Systems) machines work by using X-rays to create images of the contents of luggage. While standard systems use transmission X-ray technology, advanced “stand-alone” machines, particularly for security screening, often incorporate backscatter technology. Backscatter X-rays provide a different view of the object’s composition and density compared to transmission images, helping to detect organic materials and distinguish layers. Ion mobility spectrometry (A) and gas chromatography (B) are used for trace detection of substances (like explosives or narcotics), not for imaging the bulk contents of baggage. Electromagnetic radiation (D) is too broad a term as X-rays are one form of electromagnetic radiation, but ‘backscatter technology’ describes a specific principle used in X-ray imaging for this purpose.

– XBIS machines use X-rays to scan baggage.
– Transmission X-ray imaging passes X-rays through the object and detects those that penetrate.
– Backscatter X-ray imaging detects the X-rays that are scattered back towards the source, providing information about the surface and composition of the object.
– Many modern security X-ray scanners use both transmission and backscatter techniques for enhanced detection.

Backscatter technology is particularly effective at highlighting organic materials like explosives, drugs, and food, which can be difficult to discern in standard transmission images.

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