Stalactites and stalagmites are features of:

glacial topography

volcanic topography

karst topography

fluvial topography

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2016

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Stalactites and stalagmites are depositional landforms found in caves formed in soluble rocks, typically limestone. These features are created by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from dripping water. Such landscapes characterized by the dissolution of soluble rocks are known as karst topography. Stalactites hang from the cave ceiling, while stalagmites rise from the cave floor.

Stalactites and stalagmites are characteristic features of karst topography, which develops in areas with soluble rocks like limestone, dolomite, or gypsum.

Glacial topography includes features like moraines, cirques, and U-shaped valleys formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Volcanic topography includes features like volcanoes, lava flows, and calderas formed by volcanic activity. Fluvial topography includes features like river valleys, meanders, and deltas formed by river processes.

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