Some feudatory states implemented modernizing reforms in areas like:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Some feudatory states implemented modernizing reforms in areas like education, infrastructure development, and social welfare.

• Education: Feudatory states established schools and universities to promote education and learning. For example, the Mughal Empire established the madrasa system of education, which provided religious and secular education to students.
• Infrastructure development: Feudatory states built roads, bridges, canals, and other infrastructure projects to improve the quality of life for their subjects. For example, the Mughal Empire built the Grand Trunk Road, which connected the major cities of the empire.
• Social welfare: Feudatory states provided social welfare programs to help the poor and needy. For example, the Mughal Empire established a system of public hospitals and dispensaries to provide free medical care to the poor.

These reforms helped to improve the lives of the people in feudatory states and contributed to the development of these states.