The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Excessive irrigation without proper drainage can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil. This is because when water evaporates, it leaves behind the salts that were dissolved in it. If the water does not drain away, these salts can build up in the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow.
The use of saline groundwater can also lead to soil salinity. This is because saline groundwater contains high levels of dissolved salts. When this water is used for irrigation, it can leach these salts into the soil.
Industrial pollution can also contribute to soil salinity. This is because industrial waste can contain high levels of salts. When this waste is dumped into the environment, it can contaminate soil and water.
All of these factors can contribute to soil salinity in Punjab. This is a serious problem because it can make it difficult to grow crops. In some cases, it can even make the land unusable.
Here are some additional details about each of the options:
- Excessive irrigation without proper drainage can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil. This is because when water evaporates, it leaves behind the salts that were dissolved in it. If the water does not drain away, these salts can build up in the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow.
- Use of saline groundwater can also lead to soil salinity. This is because saline groundwater contains high levels of dissolved salts. When this water is used for irrigation, it can leach these salts into the soil.
- Industrial pollution can also contribute to soil salinity. This is because industrial waste can contain high levels of salts. When this waste is dumped into the environment, it can contaminate soil and water.
Soil salinity is a serious problem that can have a significant impact on agriculture and the environment. It is important to take steps to prevent soil salinity, such as using proper irrigation practices and avoiding the use of saline groundwater.