The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Soil erosion is the process of the topsoil being removed from the land by the action of wind or water. It is a major problem in Punjab, India, as it can lead to a loss of agricultural land, a decrease in crop yields, and an increase in the risk of flooding.
Deforestation is the removal of trees from an area. This can lead to soil erosion, as the trees no longer provide protection for the soil from the wind and rain.
Intensive agriculture is the practice of farming using large amounts of chemicals and machinery. This can also lead to soil erosion, as the chemicals can damage the soil and the machinery can compact the soil, making it more susceptible to erosion.
Overgrazing is the practice of grazing too many animals on an area of land. This can lead to soil erosion, as the animals compact the soil and their hooves can break up the soil, making it more susceptible to erosion.
All of these factors can contribute to soil erosion in Punjab. It is important to take steps to prevent soil erosion, such as planting trees, using sustainable farming practices, and grazing animals in a responsible manner.