Soil degradation due to overuse of fertilizers and pesticides is an issue affecting:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above.

Soil degradation due to overuse of fertilizers and pesticides is a major issue affecting agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and farmer incomes.

• Agricultural productivity: Soil degradation reduces the amount of land that is suitable for agriculture, and it also reduces the productivity of the land that is still in use. This can lead to lower crop yields, which can have a significant impact on food security.
• Environmental sustainability: Soil degradation can also lead to environmental problems, such as water pollution and climate change. When soil is eroded, it can carry nutrients and sediments into waterways, which can harm aquatic ecosystems. Soil degradation can also release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which contribute to climate change.
• Farmer incomes: Soil degradation can also have a negative impact on farmer incomes. When soil is degraded, it becomes more difficult and expensive to grow crops. This can lead to lower crop yields, which can reduce farmer profits. In some cases, soil degradation can even force farmers to abandon their land altogether.

In conclusion, soil degradation is a major issue that affects agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and farmer incomes. It is important to take steps to address this issue, such as reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and adopting sustainable farming practices.