Social theorists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries emphasised the emergence of industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation and bureaucratisation as hallmarks of :
Modernity
Feudalism
Kingship
Medievalism
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This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-1 – 2024
– **Industrialisation** is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It involves technological innovation and factory production.
– **Urbanisation** is the increasing number of people that live in urban areas. It is closely linked to industrialisation as factories and jobs are often concentrated in cities.
– **Secularisation** is the process by which religion loses its social and cultural significance in a society. It involves a shift from religious institutions dominating social life to religious belief becoming a more private matter.
– **Bureaucratisation** is the process by which organisations are increasingly structured by impersonal rules, hierarchical authority, and specialized roles, as described by sociologist Max Weber as a characteristic of modern states and large organizations.