Small principalities in Kerala owing allegiance to larger kingdoms like Travancore or Cochin were known as:

The correct answer is: B) Nadus

Nadu is a term used in Kerala to refer to a small principality or kingdom. It is derived from the Sanskrit word nadu, which means “country” or “region”. Nadus were typically ruled by a hereditary chief or raja. They were often independent, but they could also be subject to the authority of a larger kingdom.

The Nadu system was prevalent in Kerala from the 10th to the 16th centuries. During this time, there were many small nadus in Kerala, each with its own unique culture and history. The nadus were eventually absorbed into the larger kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Swaroopam is a term used in Kerala to refer to a royal palace.
• Desam is a term used in India to refer to a village or district.
• Kovilakam is a term used in Kerala to refer to a royal family.