The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Siltation is the accumulation of sediment in a river, stream, lake, reservoir, or other body of water. It can be caused by natural processes, such as erosion, or by human activities, such as deforestation and agriculture.
Siltation can have a number of negative impacts on irrigation systems. It can reduce the water storage capacity of reservoirs, making it more difficult to store water for irrigation. It can also reduce the irrigation efficiency of canals, making it more difficult to deliver water to crops. Additionally, siltation can increase the maintenance costs of irrigation systems, as it requires more frequent dredging and cleaning.
In Bihar, siltation is a major challenge for irrigation systems. The state is located in the Gangetic plain, which is a region that is prone to flooding. During floods, large amounts of sediment are deposited in rivers and canals. This sediment can then build up over time, reducing the water storage capacity of reservoirs and the irrigation efficiency of canals.
The government of Bihar is taking steps to address the problem of siltation. It is investing in projects to dredge rivers and canals, and it is also working to educate farmers about the importance of preventing soil erosion. However, the problem of siltation is a complex one, and it is likely to continue to be a challenge for irrigation systems in Bihar for many years to come.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Option a: Water storage capacity. Siltation can reduce the water storage capacity of reservoirs by filling them with sediment. This can make it more difficult to store water for irrigation, especially during times of drought.
- Option b: Irrigation efficiency. Siltation can reduce the irrigation efficiency of canals by clogging them with sediment. This can make it more difficult to deliver water to crops, and it can also increase the risk of waterlogging.
- Option c: Maintenance costs. Siltation can increase the maintenance costs of irrigation systems by requiring more frequent dredging and cleaning. This can be a significant financial burden for farmers and irrigation authorities.