Shortage of grazing land is a challenge for livestock farmers in Tamil Nadu, leading to:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above.

Shortage of grazing land is a challenge for livestock farmers in Tamil Nadu, leading to increased cost of fodder, conflicts between farmers, and overgrazing and land degradation.

• Increased cost of fodder: When there is a shortage of grazing land, farmers have to buy fodder for their livestock. This can be expensive, especially if the price of fodder is high.
• Conflicts between farmers: When farmers are competing for limited grazing land, they can sometimes come into conflict with each other. This can lead to disputes, fights, and even violence.
• Overgrazing and land degradation: When livestock graze on land for too long, they can damage the land. This can lead to soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and even desertification.

All of these problems can have a negative impact on the livelihoods of livestock farmers in Tamil Nadu. They can also have a negative impact on the environment.