The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Shifting cultivation, also known as jhum cultivation, is a traditional agricultural practice that involves clearing a piece of land by cutting and burning the vegetation, then planting crops on the cleared land for a few years before abandoning it and moving on to a new plot. This type of cultivation is common in many parts of the world, including Asia, Africa, and South America.
In Arunachal Pradesh, shifting cultivation is practiced by a number of different ethnic groups, including the Adi, Apatani, Nyishi, and Mishmi. The crops that are grown in jhum fields vary depending on the altitude and climate of the area, but they typically include rice, maize, millets, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and spices.
Shifting cultivation has a number of advantages over other forms of agriculture. It is a sustainable form of agriculture that does not require the use of fertilizers or pesticides. It also helps to prevent soil erosion and maintain the biodiversity of the area. However, shifting cultivation also has a number of disadvantages. It can lead to deforestation and soil degradation if it is not practiced sustainably. It can also contribute to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
In recent years, there has been a growing debate about the future of shifting cultivation in Arunachal Pradesh. Some people argue that it is a harmful practice that should be stopped, while others argue that it is a sustainable form of agriculture that should be protected. The government of Arunachal Pradesh is currently trying to find a way to balance the needs of the environment with the needs of the people who practice shifting cultivation.