The correct answer is: B. Using temperature probes in orbiting satellites.
The thermosphere is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It is located above the mesosphere and extends from about 80 to 600 kilometers (50 to 370 miles) above the Earth’s surface. The thermosphere is very thin, with an average density of about 100 molecules per cubic centimeter. The temperature in the thermosphere can vary greatly, depending on solar activity. During periods of high solar activity, the temperature in the thermosphere can reach up to 2,000 degrees Celsius (3,600 degrees Fahrenheit). During periods of low solar activity, the temperature in the thermosphere can drop to below -100 degrees Celsius (-148 degrees Fahrenheit).
Scientists are able to determine the air temperature in the thermosphere by using temperature probes in orbiting satellites. These satellites carry instruments that measure the temperature of the atmosphere. The data from these instruments is used to create maps of the temperature in the thermosphere.
The other options are incorrect because:
- Option A is incorrect because radiosondes are used to measure the temperature of the atmosphere in the lower atmosphere.
- Option C is incorrect because observing changes in satellite orbits does not provide information about the temperature of the atmosphere.
- Option D is incorrect because direct measurements in manned, high-altitude balloons are not possible in the thermosphere. The thermosphere is too thin for manned balloons to fly in.