Refining of petroleum is carried out using which one of the following

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Refining of petroleum is carried out using which one of the following techniques?

Evaporation
Fractional distillation
Separating funnel
Sublimation
This question was previously asked in
UPSC NDA-1 – 2022
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Refining of petroleum (crude oil) is done by separating its various components based on their different boiling points. This process is called fractional distillation.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with varying chain lengths and boiling points. Fractional distillation involves heating the crude oil and separating the vapours into different fractions at various levels of a fractionating column based on their condensation temperatures. Lighter fractions with lower boiling points rise higher in the column, while heavier fractions with higher boiling points condense lower down.
Evaporation is used to separate a solvent from a non-volatile solute. A separating funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids. Sublimation is used to separate a substance that changes directly from solid to gas from substances that do not sublime. Fractional distillation is the standard industrial method for separating crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.

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