Recently, the term "pumped-storage hydropower" is actually and appropr

Recently, the term “pumped-storage hydropower” is actually and appropriately discussed in the context of which one of the following ?

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Irrigation of terraced crop fields

Lift irrigation of cereal crops

Long duration energy storage

Rainwater harvesting system

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC IAS – 2024

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Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric energy storage. It is used to balance energy supply and demand on the electricity grid. During periods of low electricity demand (e.g., at night), surplus electricity (often from renewable sources like solar or wind, or excess baseload power) is used to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. When electricity demand is high, the stored water is released from the upper reservoir, flowing back down through turbines to generate electricity. This process is designed for storing large amounts of energy for relatively long durations (hours to days), making it a form of long duration energy storage.

The primary purpose of pumped-storage hydropower is to store electrical energy and release it when needed, acting as a large-scale battery for the power grid.

While dams and reservoirs are involved, the focus of PSH is energy storage and grid stability, not irrigation or rainwater harvesting directly, although reservoirs can serve multiple purposes. Its role in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into the grid is becoming increasingly important.

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