The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Rapid urbanization in Punjab has led to the expansion of cities, pressure on infrastructure, and the rise of informal settlements.
The expansion of cities has led to an increase in the demand for housing, transportation, and other services. This has put a strain on infrastructure, which has not been able to keep up with the pace of growth. As a result, there have been problems with traffic congestion, air pollution, and water shortages.
The rise of informal settlements has been another consequence of rapid urbanization. These are settlements that are not planned or regulated by the government. They often lack basic services such as water, sanitation, and electricity. People who live in informal settlements are often poor and marginalized.
Rapid urbanization has also had a negative impact on the environment. The expansion of cities has led to the loss of agricultural land and forests. This has contributed to climate change and other environmental problems.
In conclusion, rapid urbanization in Punjab has had a number of negative consequences. It has led to the expansion of cities, pressure on infrastructure, the rise of informal settlements, and environmental problems.