The correct answer is: All of the above
Pest and disease outbreaks can cause significant losses in horticultural crops. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a holistic approach to pest control that uses a combination of methods to reduce pest populations to levels that do not cause economic damage. Resistant varieties are plants that have been bred to be resistant to certain pests or diseases. Timely control measures are essential to prevent pest and disease outbreaks from becoming severe.
IPM is a more sustainable approach to pest control than traditional methods, such as the use of pesticides. Pesticides can have negative impacts on the environment and human health. IPM can help to reduce the use of pesticides and protect the environment.
Resistant varieties can help to reduce the need for pesticides. However, pests can evolve to overcome resistance, so it is important to use resistant varieties in combination with other IPM methods.
Timely control measures are essential to prevent pest and disease outbreaks from becoming severe. If pests or diseases are allowed to build up to high levels, it can be difficult to control them without using pesticides.
Therefore, all of the above options are necessary to prevent pest and disease outbreaks from causing significant losses in horticultural crops.