Out of the many reasons forwarded by the experts responsible for the f

Out of the many reasons forwarded by the experts responsible for the failure of the land reforms in India, the following could be considered the most important ones :

  • Land in India is considered a symbol of social prestige, status and identity unlike the other economies which succeeded in their land reform programmes, where it is seen as just an economic asset for income-earning.
  • Political will which was required to affect land reforms and make it a successful programme.
  • Rampant corruption in public life, political hypocrisy and leadership failure in the Indian democratic system.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
1 and 3 only
This question was previously asked in
UPSC SO-Steno – 2018
All three statements accurately reflect significant reasons cited by experts for the limited success and failure of land reforms in India. Land ownership in India is deeply intertwined with social status, power, and identity, making resistance to redistribution strong among vested interests. The lack of consistent and strong political will across different states and over time hindered effective implementation and enforcement of land reform laws. Widespread corruption in the bureaucracy responsible for implementation, political hypocrisy where leaders championed reforms but did not earnestly pursue them, and general leadership failures also contributed to the poor execution and outcomes of the reforms.
The failure of land reforms in India is multifaceted, stemming from socio-cultural factors (land as status symbol), political factors (lack of will, hypocrisy), and administrative factors (corruption, implementation issues).
Land reforms in India included measures like abolition of intermediaries (Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari systems), tenancy reforms (security of tenure, rent regulation, ownership rights), and ceiling on land holdings. Despite initial legislative efforts, implementation challenges, legal loopholes, lack of proper land records, and socio-political resistance severely limited the impact of these reforms, particularly the redistribution of surplus land.
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