The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Open-cast lignite mining is a type of mining that involves removing the topsoil and subsoil to expose the lignite coal seams. This can lead to a number of environmental problems, including:
- Land degradation: The removal of the topsoil and subsoil can leave behind a barren landscape that is difficult to revegetate. This can lead to soil erosion and the loss of biodiversity.
- Water pollution: The runoff from open-cast mines can contain high levels of sediment, heavy metals, and other pollutants. This can contaminate surface water and groundwater supplies.
- Air pollution: The dust and other particulate matter from open-cast mines can be carried by the wind and pollute the air. This can cause respiratory problems for people living in the area.
In addition to these environmental problems, open-cast lignite mining can also have a negative impact on the local economy. The mining operations can disrupt transportation and agricultural activities, and the noise and dust can make it difficult for people to live and work in the area.
For all of these reasons, open-cast lignite mining is a controversial practice. It is important to weigh the economic benefits of mining against the environmental and social costs before deciding whether or not to allow it to occur.