One of the major issues in Bihar in the decades after independence was:

All of the above were major issues in Bihar in the decades after independence.

• Land reform was a major issue because the state was dominated by a small number of large landowners, while the majority of the population was landless or had very small landholdings. This led to widespread poverty and inequality.
• Caste-based politics was also a major issue because the state is divided into a number of different castes, and there has been a long history of conflict between them. This has made it difficult to develop a cohesive and stable political system.
• Economic underdevelopment was also a major issue because the state has a low level of economic development, and there is a high rate of poverty. This has led to a number of problems, including poor infrastructure, lack of education and healthcare, and high levels of crime.

These issues have made it difficult for Bihar to develop and progress. However, in recent years, there have been some positive developments. The state government has made some progress in land reform and caste-based politics, and there has been some economic growth. However, there is still a long way to go before Bihar can overcome these issues and achieve its full potential.