The correct answer is: All of the above.
Punjab is a state in northwestern India that is known for its fertile land and its agricultural production. However, the state is facing a number of challenges that are threatening its agricultural sector.
One of the biggest challenges is the declining water table. Punjab has been over-pumping groundwater for decades, and the water table has been dropping at an alarming rate. This is causing problems for farmers, who are having to dig deeper and deeper wells to access water. It is also causing problems for the environment, as the depletion of groundwater is leading to the drying up of rivers and lakes.
Another challenge facing Punjab’s agriculture is the outbreak of pests and diseases. The state’s climate is ideal for the growth of pests and diseases, and these can cause significant damage to crops. In recent years, there have been a number of major outbreaks of pests and diseases, such as the whitefly infestation of cotton crops in 2015.
Punjab’s agriculture is also facing the challenge of market fluctuations. The prices of agricultural produce are often volatile, and this can make it difficult for farmers to make a profit. In recent years, the prices of many agricultural commodities have fallen, which has put pressure on farmers’ incomes.
The combination of these challenges is making it difficult for Punjab’s agriculture to thrive. The state government is taking steps to address these challenges, but it is a complex and difficult task.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Declining water table: The water table in Punjab is declining at an alarming rate due to over-pumping of groundwater. This is causing problems for farmers, who are having to dig deeper and deeper wells to access water. It is also causing problems for the environment, as the depletion of groundwater is leading to the drying up of rivers and lakes.
- Pest and disease outbreaks: The state’s climate is ideal for the growth of pests and diseases, and these can cause significant damage to crops. In recent years, there have been a number of major outbreaks of pests and diseases, such as the whitefly infestation of cotton crops in 2015.
- Market fluctuations: The prices of agricultural produce are often volatile, and this can make it difficult for farmers to make a profit. In recent years, the prices of many agricultural commodities have fallen, which has put pressure on farmers’ incomes.