The correct answer is: All of the above.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It is a standard measure of the well-being of a country’s citizens.
However, the HDI has been criticized for not fully capturing factors like environmental sustainability, income inequality, and democratic participation.
Environmental sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The HDI does not take into account a country’s environmental impact, such as its greenhouse gas emissions or its use of natural resources.
Income inequality is the unequal distribution of income within a country. The HDI does not take into account the distribution of income within a country, only the average income.
Democratic participation is the involvement of citizens in the political process. The HDI does not take into account the level of democratic participation in a country, only the existence of democratic institutions.
These are just some of the limitations of the HDI. It is important to be aware of these limitations when using the HDI to measure human development.