The correct answer is: 1954.
Peter F. Drucker first proposed the concept of management by objectives (MBO) in his 1954 book The Practice of Management. MBO is a management technique that involves setting specific, measurable goals for employees and then providing them with the resources and support they need to achieve those goals. MBO is based on the idea that employees are more likely to be successful if they have a clear understanding of what is expected of them and if they are given the opportunity to participate in setting their own goals.
MBO has been widely adopted by businesses around the world, and it is considered to be one of the most effective management techniques. MBO has been shown to improve employee performance, increase productivity, and reduce costs.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Option A: 1951. This is incorrect because Peter F. Drucker first proposed the concept of MBO in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.
- Option B: 1955. This is incorrect because Peter F. Drucker first proposed the concept of MBO in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.
- Option C: 1953. This is incorrect because Peter F. Drucker first proposed the concept of MBO in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.
- Option D: 1954. This is correct because Peter F. Drucker first proposed the concept of MBO in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.