The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Many tribal communities in Bihar traditionally practice shifting cultivation, subsistence agriculture, and forest-based livelihoods.
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, is a traditional agricultural system in which land is cleared by cutting and burning trees and shrubs. The ashes from the fire fertilize the soil, and crops are grown for a few years before the land is abandoned and allowed to regenerate. This type of agriculture is often used in areas with low population densities and abundant forest resources.
Subsistence agriculture is a type of agriculture in which farmers produce only enough food to meet their own needs. This type of agriculture is often practiced in areas with low levels of economic development, where there is little access to markets or other sources of income.
Forest-based livelihoods are livelihoods that are based on the use of forest resources. This can include activities such as hunting, gathering, and logging. Forest-based livelihoods are often practiced by indigenous peoples and other marginalized groups who have limited access to other resources.
All of these types of agriculture and livelihoods are important for the survival of many tribal communities in Bihar. They provide food, shelter, and income, and they help to maintain the cultural and spiritual traditions of these communities.