Local rulers and chieftains in Andhra Pradesh often resisted Mughal expansion and asserted their autonomy. This resistance is exemplified by figures like:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Rani Rudrama Devi (Kakatiyas), Pemmasani Nayaks, and Krishnadevaraya (Vijayanagara) were all local rulers and chieftains in Andhra Pradesh who resisted Mughal expansion and asserted their autonomy.

Rani Rudrama Devi was the queen of the Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled over Andhra Pradesh from the 12th to the 14th centuries. She was a powerful and successful ruler who fought off several invasions from the Delhi Sultanate.

The Pemmasani Nayaks were a family of Telugu chieftains who ruled over parts of Andhra Pradesh from the 15th to the 17th centuries. They were known for their resistance to Mughal rule and their support of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Krishnadevaraya was the emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled over much of southern India from the 14th to the 16th centuries. He was a powerful and successful ruler who fought off several invasions from the Mughals.

All of these figures played an important role in resisting Mughal expansion and asserting the autonomy of local rulers and chieftains in Andhra Pradesh.