The correct answer is: b) Small and fragmented.
Landholdings in Bihar are generally small and fragmented. This is due to the fact that the state has a large population of small farmers who own small plots of land. The average size of a landholding in Bihar is about 2.5 acres, which is much smaller than the average size of a landholding in other states in India.
The fragmentation of landholdings in Bihar is a major problem. It makes it difficult for farmers to mechanize their farms and to take advantage of economies of scale. It also makes it difficult for farmers to get access to credit and other agricultural inputs.
The government of Bihar has taken some steps to address the problem of fragmentation of landholdings. It has introduced a land consolidation program, which aims to consolidate small and fragmented landholdings into larger, more viable units. However, the program has been slow to progress and has not yet had a significant impact on the problem of fragmentation.
The fragmentation of landholdings in Bihar is a major obstacle to agricultural development in the state. It is a problem that the government needs to address urgently.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
a) Large-scale and consolidated: This option is incorrect because landholdings in Bihar are generally small and fragmented.
b) Small and fragmented: This option is correct because landholdings in Bihar are generally small and fragmented.
c) Government-owned: This option is incorrect because landholdings in Bihar are mostly privately owned.
d) Collectivized under communes: This option is incorrect because landholdings in Bihar are not collectivized under communes.