The correct answer is C. Change in labour force.
Labour turnover is the rate at which employees leave and are replaced in a company. It is calculated by dividing the number of employees who left the company during a given period by the average number of employees during that period.
Labour turnover can be voluntary, when employees leave of their own accord, or involuntary, when employees are fired or laid off. Voluntary turnover can be caused by a number of factors, such as dissatisfaction with pay, benefits, or working conditions, or a desire to change careers. Involuntary turnover can be caused by economic factors, such as a recession, or by organizational factors, such as a merger or downsizing.
High labour turnover can be costly for companies, as it can lead to lost productivity, increased training costs, and damage to morale. Companies can try to reduce labour turnover by offering competitive pay and benefits, creating a positive work environment, and providing opportunities for employees to develop and grow.
A. Productivity of labour is the amount of output produced by a worker in a given amount of time. It is measured by dividing the total output of a group of workers by the number of hours they worked.
B. Efficiency of the labour is the ratio of the output of a worker to the input of resources used by the worker. It is measured by dividing the total output of a worker by the total amount of resources used by the worker.
D. Total cost of the labour is the sum of all the costs associated with employing a worker, including wages, benefits, and training costs.