Kerala achieved high literacy through a focus on:

The correct answer is: D) All of the above

Kerala achieved high literacy through a focus on universal primary education, adult literacy programs, and gender equality in education.

• Universal primary education: Kerala was one of the first states in India to introduce free and compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14. This policy was implemented in 1957, and it has been instrumental in increasing literacy rates in the state.
• Adult literacy programs: Kerala has also made significant investments in adult literacy programs. These programs have helped to reduce the number of illiterate adults in the state, and they have also helped to improve the literacy skills of those who are already literate.
• Gender equality in education: Kerala has also made significant progress in terms of gender equality in education. The state has one of the highest rates of female literacy in India, and it has also made progress in closing the gender gap in primary and secondary education.

These three factors have all played a role in Kerala’s success in achieving high literacy rates.