The correct answer is A. Western disturbances.
Western disturbances are extratropical storms that form in the Mediterranean Sea and move eastward across the Middle East and into the Indian subcontinent. They are the most common type of weather system to affect the Kashmir Valley, and they are responsible for most of the region’s rainfall and snowfall.
Eastern disturbances are less common than western disturbances, and they typically form in the Bay of Bengal and move northward into the Indian subcontinent. They are not as effective at bringing precipitation to the Kashmir Valley as western disturbances.
Varied topography is the physical features of a region, such as mountains, valleys, and plains. It can affect the amount of precipitation that a region receives by creating barriers to or channels for moisture-laden air. However, varied topography is not the primary factor that determines the amount of precipitation that a region receives.
Therefore, the correct answer is A. Western disturbances.