Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves:

The correct answer is: A) Community participation in forest management.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a participatory forest management approach that involves local communities in the management of forests. JFM is based on the principle of shared responsibility and benefits between the government and local communities.

JFM has been implemented in many countries around the world, and has been shown to be effective in improving forest management and livelihoods. JFM has also been shown to be a cost-effective way to manage forests.

Here is a brief explanation of each option:

• Option B: Privatization of forests is the transfer of ownership of forests from the government to private individuals or companies. Privatization of forests can lead to deforestation, as private owners may be more interested in extracting timber than in managing forests sustainably.
• Option C: Clear-cutting of forests is the practice of cutting down all trees in an area. Clear-cutting can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.
• Option D: Monoculture plantations are forests that are planted with a single species of tree. Monoculture plantations can be less resilient to pests and diseases than forests with a diversity of tree species.

I hope this helps!