Investment in smart grids and energy management systems can improve:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Investment in smart grids and energy management systems can improve grid efficiency, demand-side management, and integration of renewable energy.

• Grid efficiency can be improved by using smart grids to monitor and control the flow of electricity in real time. This can help to reduce losses and improve reliability.
• Demand-side management can be improved by using smart grids to provide consumers with information about their energy usage and to offer incentives to reduce their consumption during peak periods. This can help to reduce the strain on the grid and lower costs for everyone.
• Integration of renewable energy can be improved by using smart grids to store and manage the intermittent power output of renewable sources such as solar and wind power. This can help to make renewable energy more reliable and affordable.

Overall, investment in smart grids and energy management systems can provide a number of benefits, including improved efficiency, reliability, and affordability.